Abstract. The Framework for 0-D Atmospheric Modeling (F0AM) is a flexible and user-friendly MATLAB-based platform for simulation of atmospheric chemistry systems. The F0AM interface incorporates front-end configuration of observational constraints and model setups, making it readily adaptable to simulation of photochemical chambers, Lagrangian plumes, and steady-state or time-evolving solar cycles. Six different chemical mechanisms and three options for calculation of photolysis frequencies are currently available. Example simulations are presented to illustrate model capabilities and, more generally, highlight some of the advantages and challenges of 0-D box modeling.

3866 www.MaterialsViews.com wileyonlinelibrary.com upon oxidation due to anion insertion and contract upon reduction due to anion expulsion or 2) contract on oxidation due to cation expulsion and expand on reduction due to cation insertion. Actuators based on CPs can be electrically controlled at low operating voltages (typically 1-3 V), continuously switched between expanded/ contracted states, and operate well in liquid electrolytes. Interfacing CPs with biological systems is also possible due to the demonstrated biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo . [ 5,6 ] To date, record-breaking CP actuators have been demonstrated to generate stresses as large as 100 MPa [ 7 ] and strains up to 40%, [ 8 ] although the generation of both high stress and high strain has yet to be achieved. Typical CP actuators can generate smaller, yet still notable, stresses of 1-5 MPa with strains on the order of 2%. [ 9 ] These impressive values have led to commercial interest in the development of several types of biomedical devices utilizing CP actuators. [ 1,9 ] However, current optimized device designs are not ideal for applications requiring implantation in vivo . Major diffi culties encountered when fabricating CP-based actuators arise from the fact that the bulk polymers are brittle and insoluble due to the extended conjugated backbone, which restricts the molding or processing of these materials into 3D structures. Therefore, the majority of CP-based actuators are synthesized via electropolymerization directly onto metal foils, [ 1 ] where the metal is often retained in the fi nal device. While metal incorporation helps minimize the iR drop across CP fi lms, these devices are typically limited to 2D fi lm architectures and have signifi cant problems with delamination. [ 10,11 ] While useful for surgical and external biomedical applications, incorporation of non-degradable or rigid components [ 1,12 ] that are incompatible with soft tissues severely limit the possible applications of CP actuators. In addition, device performance in a biologicallyrelevant environment is still unclear as the majority of studies utilize optimized electrolyte systems that employ toxic salts or organic solvents.To avoid the use of metals or rigid inorganic components in the fi nal device, all-polymeric actuators have been constructed by depositing CPs in situ during chemical polymerization onto several types of synthetic backing materials such as PVDF, [13][14][15] crosslinked PEO-based copolymers, [16][17][18][19][20] and polyurethane. [ 21 ] Single-component, metal-free, biocompatible, electromechanical actuator devices are fabricated using a composite material composed of silk fi broin and poly(pyrrole) (PPy). Chemical modifi cation techniques are developed to produce free-standing fi lms with a bilayer-type structure, with unmodifi ed silk on one side and an interpenetrating network (IPN) of silk and PPy on the other. The IPN formed between the silk and PPy prohibits delamination, resulting in a durable and fully biocompatible device. The electroch...

Abstract. The Framework for 0-D Atmospheric Modeling (F0AM) is a flexible and user-friendly MATLAB-based platform for simulation of atmospheric chemistry systems. The F0AM interface incorporates front-end configuration of observational constraints and model setup, making it readily adaptable to simulation of photochemical chambers, Lagrangian plumes, and steady-state or time-evolving solar cycles. Six different chemical mechanisms and three options for calculation of photolysis frequencies are currently available. Example simulations are presented to illustrate model capabilities and, more generally, highlight some of the advantages and challenges of 0-D box modeling.

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Abstract. To provide insight into the planetary boundary layer (PBL) production of ozone (O3) over the North China Plain, the Air chemistry Research in Asia (ARIAs) campaign conducted aircraft measurements of air pollutants over Hebei Province, China between May and June 2016. We evaluate vertical profiles of trace gas species including O3, nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and relate to rates of O3 production. This analysis shows measured O3 levels ranged from 52 to 142 ppbv, with the peak median concentration (~ 94 ppbv) occurring between 1000 and 1500 m. The NOx concentrations exhibited strong spatial and altitudinal variations, ranging from 0.15 to 49 ppbv. Ratios of CO / NOy and CO / CO2 indicate the prevalence of low efficiency combustion from biomass burning and residential coal burning. Concentrations of total measured VOCs from 26 whole air canisters reveals alkanes dominate the total measured volume mixing ratio of VOCs (68 %) and we see evidence of vehicular emissions, fuel and solvent evaporation, and biomass burning sources. Alkanes and alkenes/alkynes are responsible for 74 % of the total VOC reactivity assessed by calculating the OH loss rates, while aromatics contribute the most to the total Ozone Formation Potential (OFP) (43 %) with toluene, m/p-xylene, ethylene, propylene, and i-pentane playing significant roles in the aloft production of O3 in this region. In the PBL below 500 m, box model calculations constrained by measured precursors indicate the peak rate of mean O3 production was ~ 7 ppbv/hour. Pollution frequently extended above the PBL into the lower free troposphere around 3000 m, where NO2 mixing ratios (~ 400 pptv) led to net production rates of O3 up to ~ 3 ppbv/hour; this pollution can travel substantial distances downwind. The O3 sensitivity regime is determined to be NOx-limited throughout the PBL, while more VOC-limited at low altitudes near urban centres, demonstrating both VOCs and NOx need further control to reduce aloft O3 over Hebei.