BackgroundRegular consumption of the soluble dietary fiber β-glucan is associated with decreased total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and blood glucose. Barley and oat flakes as natural sources of β-glucan were roasted to improve sensory quality. The aim of this study was to investigate whether roasting of barley and oat flakes changes the physiological impact of the β-glucan-rich flakes on glucose and lipid metabolism.MethodA five-armed randomized crossover trial design was used. The intervention study was conducted from May 2018 to May 2019 and included 32 healthy subjects with moderately increased LDL cholesterol (≥2.5 mmol/L). During the 3-week intervention periods, 80 g of roasted or traditional barley or oat flakes, or four slices of white toast bread per day were consumed for breakfast. At the start and the end of each intervention, fasting and postprandial blood was taken. The intervention periods were separated by 3-week wash-out periods.ResultsDuring the interventions with the cereal flakes, TC and LDL cholesterol concentrations were significantly reduced compared to baseline values by mean differences of 0.27–0.33 mmol/L and 0.21–0.30 mmol/L, respectively (p < 0.05), while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was only reduced after the intervention with barley flakes (p < 0.05). After the intervention period with toast, TC and HDL cholesterol increased (p < 0.05). The fasting levels of triglycerides, fasting blood glucose and insulin did not change in any group. The effects of traditional and roasted varieties on blood lipids did not differ between the groups.ConclusionThe regular consumption of traditional or roasted barley and oat flakes contributes to the management of cardiovascular diseases by improving TC and LDL cholesterol.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03648112, identifier NCT03648112.
This collection details the different established protocols for Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS) for use on archaeological bone. ZooMS allows for taxonomic identification by the peptide mass fingerprinting of collagen type I. These protocols can be used individually or combined depending on the preservation, sample size, and ability to do destructive analysis. All the protocols are optimized for bone as the starting material.In the acid soluble protocol bone is pretreated with hydrocholoric acid. The acid is removed and filtered leaving the collagen which is then digested with trypsin. The peptides are purified using C18 ZipTips. This protocol can be used in conjuntion with the acid insoluble protocol which analyzes the bone shaddow left after the acid is removed.This protocol is suitable for a wide range of preservation conditions from very good to poor preservation. It works in cases where the bone is too fragile or the preservation is too poor for a collagen shaddow to remain after demineralization. The ideal starting volume is 10-20mg of bone as a powerder or a bone chip, but in cases of very poor preservation, a larger starting volume may be required.If you are using this protocol, please cite the DOI for the protocol and the following two papers on which it is based:
Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectromtery (ZooMS) allows for taxonomic identification by the peptide mass fingerprinting of collagen type I. This protocol combines an EDTA based pretreatment, a SP3 (single-pot, solid-phase-enhanced) protein extraction, and a peptide purification (both ZipTips and StageTips have been used and are provided as options) to prepare samples for analysis on a MALDI-TOF-MS. This protocol was developed to see if an SP3 based method would improve extraction efficiency for bone samples with low collagen preservation. However, in preliminary testing it does not perform better than established methods. SP3 for dental calculus has also been used with more success and the protocol for this can be found at dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.bfgrjjv6. This protocol is based upon the original SP3 protocol published in Hughes et al. (2014) and the developments for palaeoproteomics of bone (Cleland et al., 2018). When using please cite the following three publications the protocol is based upon as well as the DOI for this protocol. Hughes, C. S., Foehr, S., Garfield, D. A., Furlong, E. E., Steinmetz, L. M., & Krijgsveld, J. (2014). Ultrasensitive proteome analysis using paramagnetic bead technology. Molecular Systems Biology, 10, 757. https://doi.org/10.15252/msb.20145625 Hughes, C. S., Moggridge, S., Müller, T., Sorensen, P. H., Morin, G. B., & Krijgsveld, J. (2019). Single-pot, solid-phase-enhanced sample preparation for proteomics experiments. Nature Protocols, 14(1), 68–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-018-0082-x Cleland, T. P. (2018). Human Bone Paleoproteomics Utilizing the Single-Pot, Solid-Phase-Enhanced Sample Preparation Method to Maximize Detected Proteins and Reduce Humics. Journal of Proteome Research, 17(11), 3976–3983. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00637
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