Background: This study was conducted in the Penipe canton, Chimborazo province, Ecuador, the Objetive: is the characterizing and classifying the local family agriculture production systems. Methodology: The researchers worked with a total of 1,055 families, from which they extracted a sample (n=68) to conduct a study on geographical location, zoning, and survey interview, which included technical, socioeconomic, productive, and environmental aspects of the farms from a quantitative and qualitative standpoint. Results: express the characteristics of the production systems, allowing classifying and classifying the production systems of family agriculture in the canton. The conglomerated analysis using Ward's method and a 900-meter Euclidian distance divided the farms into three groups. Implications: Several aspects to be improved were identified, which limit the development of farms to be considered as sustainable systems, evaluating aspects of productivity, reliability in the productive system, resilience, adaptability, equity, and self-management by local producers. Conclusions: Specialized Family Agriculture (SFA) is made up of 19 families, with an average age of 54 years, land ownership of 1.57 hectares, additional labor hired at a rate of two days per week, and monthly earnings of $584 USD. Diversified Family Agriculture (DFF), composed of 34 families, with an average age of 53 years, land ownership of 6,99 ha, (95%) of families contracting additional labor to carry out agricultural activities, (8 daily wages/ campaign) and monthly earnings of $792 USD. Subsistence Family Agriculture (SFA), composed of 15 families, with an average age of 48 years, and land ownership of 0.54 ha, this production system is distinguished by the fact that it does not hire additional labor to carry out agricultural activities, as the majority of its output is devoted to self-sufficiency and earnings of $115 USD per month.
This study evaluated the milk production and persistence of the crossbreed Holstein cow during lactation. The study was conducted at the Balcashi and Chambo herds located in the Chimborazo province at an altitude of 2980 m.s.n.m. and an average temperature of 11ºC. The research included 88 first-time heifers maintained on a rotational grazing system inside an electric fence. The feeding was based on Lolium multiflorum, Dactylis glomerata, and Trifolium pratensis. Milk production was recorded and analyzed by lactation thirds, peak, and persistence using descriptive statistics. Weekly production was measured using the fifth-order regression model. The results showed that in the first third of lactation, the production was 1559.75 ± 181.25 liters of milk, the cost per feed consumption of $1.91, an income of 5.32 dollars per day, and a benefit of 2.78. The curve of production in the first lactation, productivity, and weekly increase responded to a fifth-order model. The authors concluded that the best feed conversion, weekly production, income, and cost-benefit were reached in the first third of lactation. Keywords: lactation, persistence, peak production, third lactation. RESUMEN El objetivo de la investigación consistió en evaluar la producción y productividad de las vacas Holstein mestizas durante la lactancia y la persistencia, el estudio se desarrolló en las ganaderías de Balcashí y Chambo ubicadas en la provincia de Chimborazo a una altura de 2980 m.s.n.m. y una temperatura promedio de 11 ∘C, la investigación se desarrolló con 88 vacas primerizas mantenidas en un sistema de manejo al pastoreo rotativo y cerca eléctrica, la alimentación se basó en Lolium multiflorum, Dactylis glomerata y Trifolium pratensis. La producción de leche se registró y se analizó por tercios de lactancia, pico y persistencia mediante estadística descriptiva y la producción semanal mediante el modelo de regresión de quinto orden. Los resultados determinaron que en el primer tercio de lactancia la producción fue 1559,75 ± 181,25 litros de leche, el costo por consumo de alimento de 1,91 USD, un ingreso de 5,32 dólares por día y un beneficio de 2,78, la curva de producción en la primera lactancia, la productividad y el incremento semanal respondieron a un modelo de quinto orden. Se concluye que la mejor conversión alimenticia, producción semanal, ingreso y beneficio/costo se alcanzó en el primer tercio de lactancia. Palabras Clave: lactancia, persistencia, pico de producción, tercio de lactancia.
This article addresses the importance of education as a key tool to promote environmental sustainability and encourage healthy eating. A holistic approach is proposed that integrates scientific knowledge, innovative pedagogical practices and the active participation of the educational community. The methodology employed included the review of scientific literature, case studies and analysis of successful educational programs. The results show that educational strategies based on sustainability and healthy eating generate positive impacts on individuals, the community and the environment. In conclusion, it highlights the need to strengthen education on these issues, providing resources and training to teachers, as well as promoting the participation of students and the community to achieve real change towards a sustainable future.
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