The authors describe the results of a survey they carried out in 2000 to determine the status of cultural sensitivity training in 16 Canadian medical schools using structured telephone interviews of associate and assistant deans or curriculum directors and curriculum coordinators. Their goal was to obtain a descriptive analysis of school-specific objectives, curriculum content, methods, and evaluation formats. The survey was prompted by the growing concern that in culturally diverse societies, medical education has failed to keep pace with the changing composition of the patient population. Only one of the eight schools that integrated cultural sensitivity within their objectives made explicit mention of the topic in its clerkship evaluation form. While seven of the 16 schools did not have any statement on cultural sensitivity in their curricular objectives, they integrated cultural sensitivity in their curricula using various educational methods, with PBL cases, lectures, and small-group discussions being the commonest formats. These educational methods were primarily offered to students in their first and second years. Student participation was required, but program lengths ranged from two to 40 hours. Additional findings for each school are presented. The authors conclude that while progress has been made, lack of adequate resources and a number of obstacles to inclusion of multicultural health content in curricula appear to remain ongoing problems. Further investment in faculty development and administrative staff support for a multicultural curriculum are needed, as is more research on effective curricular components.
No abstract
Task Analysis is a fundamental tool for analyzing human-machine systems, and has been applied in major aircraft projects supporting the Canadian Forces. The literature describes many task analysis methods under two major categories: behavioral and cognitive task analysis. This paper proposes a new task analysis based on Perceptual Control Theory (PCT) called PTA that encompasses all other analyses. PTA adopts an ego-centric approach, analyses goals and feedback, determines the cognitive compatibility, and specifies information requirements for interface and/or systems design. PTA was applied to a portion of a Coastal Patrol Aircraft task analysis. It was found that PTA provides a unified analysis, makes goals and feedback explicit, and provides a method for assessing cognitive compatibility.
The purpose of this research was to assess the applicability of Perceptual Control Theory (PCT) and Ecological Interface Design (EID) to the radio communication domain, and to perform an analytical evaluation between PCT and EID using the Control Display Unit (CDU) interface as a vehicle. A PCT-based analysis of the pilot-CDU interactions was performed and an Abstraction Hierarchy representation of the radio communication domain was developed. Two interface designs followed and their effectiveness was assessed analytically by judging their ability to support tasks under normal and abnormal circumstances. The results suggest that both interfaces permit radio exchanges to be performed under normal operations. Also, both interfaces lead to the detection of technical failures and environmental concerns impeding successful radio communication. However, the PCT-based interface did not support diagnostic activities related to disturbances of a technical and environmental nature in the communication work domain, whereas the EID interface was able to support diagnostic activities for disturbances of environmental sources for the given task situations.
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