Iron(ii) spin crossover (SCO) materials have been widely studied as molecular switches with a wide variety of potential applications, including as displays, sensors, actuators or memory components. Most SCO materials have been either monometallic or polymeric, and it is only relatively recently that chemists have really started to focus on linking multiple metal centres together within the one, discrete, molecule in an effort to enhance the SCO properties, such as abrupt, hysteretic, and multistep switching, as well as the potential for quantum cellular automata, whilst still being readily amenable to characterisation. Here we present a review of the ligand designs of the last two decades that have led to self assembly of discrete di- to poly-nuclear iron(ii) complexes of helicate, cage, cube, and other supramolecular architectures with rich SCO activity, and to an increased focus on host-guest interactions. Analysis of selected octahedral distortion parameters (Σ, CShM) reveals interesting differences between these structural types, for example that the iron(ii) centres in grids are generally significantly more distorted than those in squares or cages, yet are still SCO-active. Of the 127 complexes reviewed (79 published 2012-Feb. 2018), 54% are dinuclear, 10% trinuclear, 31% tetranuclear, and the remaining 5% are penta, hexa and octanuclear. Of the 93 designer ligands utilised in these polynuclear architectures: 60 feature azoles; 55 provide all donors to the Fe(ii) centres (no co-ligands coordinated) and form exclusively 5-membered chelate rings via either bidentate azole-imine/pyridine or tridentate heterocycle-imine/amine/thioether/pyridine-heterocycle binding pockets.

A family of five new bis-bidentate azole-triazole Rat ligands (1,3-bis(5-azole)-4-isobutyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)benzene), varying in choice of azole (2-imidazole, 4-imidazole, 1-methyl-4-imidazole, 4-oxazole and 4-thiazole), and the corresponding family of spin-crossover (SCO) and redox...

The first examples of azole-triazole Rat ligands, bidentate L 4NMeIm (3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)-5-phenyl-4-(p-tolyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole) and L 4SIm (4-(5-phenyl-4-(ptolyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thiazole), have been prepared, by extension of the general synthesis used to access many examples of azine-triazoles. The tris-L Fe II complexes of the azine-triazoles are consistently low spin (LS). As intended, these new azole-triazole ligands provide lower field strengths, resulting in high-spin (HS) [Fe II (L 4NMeIm ) 3 ](BF 4 ) 2 (1•4H 2 O) and spin crossover (SCO) active [Fe II ( L 4SIm ) 3 ](BF 4 ) 2 (2•0.5H 2 O). Single-crystal structure determinations revealed that at 100 K 1• solvents is HS whereas 2•solvents is LS. Solid-state variable temperature magnetic studies of air-dried crystals showed that the methylimidazole-triazole complex 1•4H 2 O remains HS while the thiazole-triazole complex 2•0.5H 2 O undergoes a two-step gradual SCO (T 1/2 approximately 275 and 350 K). Variable-temperature Evans method NMR studies of 2, in five different solvents (CD 3 NO 2 , CD 3 CN, CD 3 COCD 3 , CD 2 Cl 2 , and CDCl 3 ) gave T 1/2 values in a relatively narrow range, 214−259 K. These T 1/2 values did not correlate with the solvent polarity index P′ (R 2 = 0.25) but did correlate with the solvent basicity parameter SB (R 2 = 0.90). Variable-temperature UV−vis studies on a golden yellow CH 3 CN solution of 2, with monitoring of the d−d transition at 530 nm (ε = 39 L mol −1 cm −1 at 293 K) while the solution was heated from 253 to 303 K, showed that the high-spin fraction increased from 0.51 to 0.77. Cyclic voltammetry studies in CH 3 CN revealed a Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox process that was reversible for 1 and irreversible for 2, with significant tuning of the E pa value: the methylimidazole-triazole complex 1 is significantly easier to oxidize (0.46 V) than the thiazole-triazole complex 2 (0.68 V; both vs 0.01 M Ag/AgNO 3 ).

Architecture, helicate or cage, is controlled by choice of meta vs. para phenylene linker in new, robust, ditopic triazole-pyrimidine ligands.

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A new mixed pyridyl–carboxylate ligand with two picolinate chromophores and a flexible linear spacer, potassium 2,2′-(butane-1,4-diylbis((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)azanediyl))diacetate (K 2 bpbd), which is obtained in high yield and spectroscopically characterized, has been utilized to make new lanthanide complexes, namely, [Ln(bpbd) (H 2 O) 2 (NO 3 )]· x H 2 O, where Ln = Tb ( 1 ) and x = 6, Ln = Sm ( 2 ) and x = 7, and Ln = Dy ( 3 ) and x = 7. These complexes have been extensively characterized by various spectroscopic techniques (UV–vis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), elemental analyses, thermogravimetric analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. These show very intense characteristic luminescence features that confirm the antenna effect of the ligand on the metal center. These complexes have been utilized for the detection of various nitroaromatic compounds. Among these three complexes, 1 is found to be the best for the selective sensing of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol in water with a detection limit of (0.35 ± 0.05) ppm. Its Stern–Volmer constant, K SV [(5.48 ± 0.1) × 10 4 M –1 ], is one of the highest among similar sensors reported so far.

ABSTRACT:Partial molar volume studies on four new types of cationic polyelectrolytes (mo! wt 1167 to 6432), where quaternized centres in oligomeric chain are essentially N-chloranil or N-xylylene ammonium/imminium moieties interspersed with ethylene, phenothiazin-5-ium and bipyridyl (viologen) links, have been undertaken in two dipolar aprotic solvents (dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulfoxide) over small temperature range (25 ± 5°C). A cumulative effect of competing electrostrictional and solvophobic interactions with the dipolar nonaqueous media was examined to explore the conformational alternations of these polymers at varying temperatures and concentrations.