The two halves of honeybee brain store and retrieve olfactory associative memories 43 independently. Abstract: 71Capacity and condition under which lateral transfer of olfactory memory is possible in 72 insects are still debated. Here we present evidence consistent with lack of ability to 73 transfer olfactory associative memory in two species of honeybees, Apis mellifera 74and Apis dorsata in a PER associative conditioning paradigm where the untrained 75 antenna is blocked by an insulating coat. We show that the olfactory system on each 76 side of the bee can learn and retrieve independently and the retrieval using the 77 antenna on the side contralateral to the trained one is not affected by the training. 78Recreating the paradigm in which the memory on the contralateral side has been 79 reported at three hours after training we see that the memory is available on the 80 contralateral side immediately after training and moreover, training with trained side 81 antenna coated with insulator does not prevent learning, pointing to a possible 82 insufficiency of block of odor stimuli in this paradigm. Bee does not learn the odor 83 stimuli applied to one side alone as a stimulus different from odor presented to both 84 sides. Moreover the behaviour of the bee as a whole can be predicted if the sides are 85 assumed to learn and store independently and the organism as a whole is able to 86 retrieve the memory if either of the sides have learned.
Acknowledgement:We would like to thank Uttam Krishna Sharma for his support in procuring honeybees and Shilpi Singh for her support in carrying out electrophysiology. We also thank Prasad Miriyala (Central Instruments Laboratory) and Nalini Manthapuram (Centre for Nano Technology) for their support in confocal imaging. We are grateful to UPE scheme of University Grants Commission, India and DST Purse for providing funding to University of Hyderabad. AbstractThe European honeybee, Apis mellifera is the most common insect model system for studying learning and memory. We establish that the olfactory system of Apis dorsata, an Asian species of honeybee as an equivalent model to Apis mellifera to study physiology underlying learning and memory. We created an Atlas of the antennal lobe and counted the number of glomeruli in the antennal lobe of Apis dorsata to be around 165 which is similar to the number in the other honey bee species Apis mellifera and Apis florea. Apis dorsata was found to have five antenno-cerebral tracts namely mACT, lACT and 3 mlACTS which appear identical to Apis mellifera.Intracellular recording showed that the antennal lobe interneurons exhibit temporally patterned odor-cell specific responses. The neuritis of Kenyon cells with cell bodies located in a neighborhood in calyx retain their relative neighborhoods in the peduncle and alpha lobe forming a columnar organization in the mushroom body. Alpha lobe and the calyx of the mushroom body were innervated by extrinsic neurons with cell bodies in the lateral protocerebrum. A set of GABA positive cells in the lateral protocerebrum send their neurites towards alpha-lobe. Apis dorsata was amenable to olfactory conditioning and showed good learning and memory retention at 24 hours. They were amenable to massed and spaced conditioning and could distinguish trained odor from an untrained novel odor.
The capacity and condition under which the lateral transfer of olfactory memory is possible in insects is still debated. Here, we present evidence in two species of honeybees, Apis mellifera and Apis dorsata, consistent with the lack of ability to transfer olfactory associative memory in a proboscis extension response (PER) associative conditioning paradigm, where the untrained antenna is blocked by an insulating coat. We show that the olfactory system on each side of the bee can learn and retrieve information independently and the retrieval using the antenna on the side contralateral to the trained one is not affected by the training. Using the setup in which the memory on the contralateral side has been reported at 3 h after training, we see that the memory is available on the contralateral side immediately after training. In the same setup, coating the antenna with an insulator on the training side does not prevent learning, pointing to a possible insufficiency of the block of odor stimuli in this setup. Moreover, the behavior of the bee as a whole can be predicted if the sides are assumed to learn and store independently, and the organism as a whole is able to retrieve the memory if either of the sides have the memory.
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