This study evaluates whether a transition of large ports facilities to biofuel production for mobility improves the environmental performance and satisfies the renewable energy directive (RED) and it is the first LCA study that considers biofuel production from torrefied wood. The systems studied are wood, torrefied wood, and straw pellets circulating fluidized bed gasification for H 2 , synthetic natural gas, or Fischer-Tropsch (FT) diesel production and use. These systems are evaluated for their global warming, acidification, eutrophication and particulate matter potentials, as well as, for their aggregated environmental performance. The effects of the electricity mix selection and ecoinvent database's economic allocation are also analyzed. All biomass systems result in a better aggregated environmental performance and benefits for the global warming potential. However, regarding the acidification, particulate matter, and eutrophication potentials, most biomass systems are inferior to the reference systems. Switching to a zero-emission electricity mix offers benefits for all the biomass and fossil-H 2 systems and researchers should use databases cautiously. The bio-H 2 and FT diesel of wood-based systems show the best environmental performance and satisfy the current and future RED targets. On one hand, the bio-H 2 systems result in the largest benefits regarding the global warming potential, and on the other hand, both wood-based FT diesel systems offer overall benefits which concern not only the sustainable target of CO 2 emissions reduction, but also the air quality improvement of the broader area as well.

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Background: Warts are benign proliferations of keratinocytes caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Plantar warts are caused by HPV types 1, 2, 4, 27 and 57. It is challenging to treat them due to frequent recurrences. Aim: To compare the efficacy and safety of topical 5% 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) with needling versus 30% Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) with needling in the treatment of plantar warts. Materials and Methods: Sixty consecutive patients of plantar warts were randomly allocated into two groups of 30 each and treated with either 30% TCA with needling or 5% 5-FU with needling once in four weeks, until complete clearance of warts or for a maximum of three sessions. Baseline clinical photographs were taken and subjective response at the end of treatment was recorded. Objective assessment at 4, 8, and 12 weeks was carried out and outcome was evaluated by reduction in number and size of warts. Adverse effects of each group were noted and compared. Follow-up of patients was done at 6 months for clinical assessment of results and to study recurrence. Results: Out of 30 patients in 30% TCA group, 28 patients (93.33%) had complete response and 02 patients (6.66%) had partial response at the end of 12 weeks. In 5-FU group, 26 patients (86.66%) showed complete response, 02 patients (6.66%) had partial response, and 02 patients (6.66%) had no response to treatment. The mean reduction in size and number of warts was better in the TCA group and was significant at 4 th week of follow up while at the end of 8 th week and 12 th week, the response was identical. There was no recurrence of warts in the complete responders at the end of 6 months. The main adverse effect seen in both groups was pain at the needling site. Conclusion: Needling with both topical 5% 5-FU and 30% TCA are highly effective in clearing plantar warts. However, 30% TCA has the advantage of early action and complete clearance of plantar warts with fewer adverse effects.

Gustafson's age estimation includes six age related changes of teeth. He then calculated the regression formula to estimate the age. Six criteria are level of attrition, secondary dentine deposition in pulp, changes in periodontium, root resorption, cementum apposition and root translucency. The aim of the study was to study the physiological changes of teeth according to the Gustafson's criteria and to access the age of the patient according to Gustafson's formula, Maples and Rice and to derive a new formula for age estimation from teeth in Kerala population. The score was calculated from physiological changes in the teeth and a graph was plotted with actual age on one axis and the score calculated on the other. Regression formulae were derived from the obtained graph. 36 extracted anterior teeth were selected. Patient's age and periodontal status was noted at the time of extraction. Teeth were longitudinally trimmed to about 25 micrometer and microscopically evaluated. All parameters of Gustafson's formula were accessed and graded. A regression line was drawn from known age and the total score. A mean error of 4.32 ± 2.80, 3.84 ± 2.65 and 4.00 ± 2.84 was obtained with Gustafson's formula, Maples formula and newly derived formula respectively. ANOVAs test was done was done to estimate the ages and it is found to be significant.

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