The glossopharyngeal nerve (GPN) is a rarely considered cranial nerve in imaging interpretation, mainly because clinical signs may remain unnoticed, but also due to its complex anatomy and inconspicuousness in conventional cross-sectional imaging. In this pictorial review, we aim to conduct a comprehensive review of the GPN anatomy from its origin in the central nervous system to peripheral target organs. Because the nerve cannot be visualised with conventional imaging examinations for most of its course, we will focus on the most relevant anatomical references along the entire GPN pathway, which will be divided into the brain stem, cisternal, cranial base (to which we will add the parasympathetic pathway leaving the main trunk of the GPN at the cranial base) and cervical segments. For that purpose, we will take advantage of cadaveric slices and dissections, our own developed drawings and schemes, and computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cross-sectional images from our hospital’s radiological information system and picture and archiving communication system.Teaching Points• The glossopharyngeal nerve is one of the most hidden cranial nerves.• It conveys sensory, visceral, taste, parasympathetic and motor information.• Radiologists’ knowledge must go beyond the limitations of conventional imaging techniques.• The nerve’s pathway involves the brain stem, cisternal, skull base and cervical segments.• Systematising anatomical references will help with nerve pathway tracking.
Thousands of European women moved to the so-called Caliphate in Syria and Iraq over the past decade. Today, they are in legal limbo, waiting for a response at the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) detention camps in various zones. They took part in Daesh's functioning, responding to the gender role the organisation gave to them. However, whether they have to be considered terrorists is unclear. Moreover, the counter-terrorist strategies put into practice by states and international organisations are gender-blind. Whether or not they have to be repatriated is controversial, and European countries are giving mixed responses. This article examines three arguments. First, whether the Caliphate women have to be considered terrorist foreign fighters. Second, if the EU is giving or not a gender perspective of counter-terrorist action concerning them. Finally, which would be the implications of the EU Comprehensive Approach for the WPS agenda and its member states? The article suggests that only a truly transformative feminist agenda would eliminate violent extremism in the world.
Número 125Mayo - Agosto 2009ISSN 0041 8633 LEY DE MEMORIA HISTÓRICA. EL DERECHO DE OPCIÓN A LA NACIONALIDAD ESPAÑOLA* LAW OF THE HISTORICAL MEMORY. ACQUIRE THE SPANISH CITIZENSHIP María Ángeles SÁNCHEZ JIMÉNEZ** Este trabajo tiene como objeto el análisis de los nuevos supuestos que permiten optar por la nacionalidad española, introducidos por la Ley 52/2007, "por la que se reconocen y amplían derechos, y se establecen medidas a favor de quienes padecieron persecución o violencia durante la guerra civil y la dictadura", conocida como Ley de Memoria Histórica. Concretamente, el análisis viene centrado en su disposición adicional séptima, en la que se introducen dos supuestos (en cada uno de sus dos respectivos apartados), con el objetivo de permitir que puedan adquirir la nacionalidad española por opción, los descendientes de españoles (hijos y nietos) que se encuentren en las diversas circunstancias ahí mencionadas. Palabras clave: nacionalidad española, opción, descendientes de emigrantes españoles, Ley de Memoria Histórica. * Artículo recibido el 10 de diciembre de 2008 y aceptado para su publicación el 10 de febrero de 2009. El presente artículo ampliado recoge la conferencia impartida el 21 de enero de 2009 en el Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM. Aprovecho para agradecer la invitación que me fue realizada por el doctor Héctor Fix-Fierro, a través de la doctora Nuria González Martín, investigadora del Instituto. ** Profesora titular de Derecho internacional privado en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Murcia. * Nota: Debido que la traducción es automática podrá ser inexacta o contener errores.
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