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Background: There are few studies which have shown inconsistent results regarding the associations between dietary acid load (DAL) and the risk of cancer. This study aimed to examine the association between DAL and prostate cancer (PC) risk among Iranian population. Methods: One hundred and twenty participants (60 controls and 60 newly diagnosed PC patients) engaged in a hospital-based case-control study. Validated 160-items semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess usual dietary intakes. DAL was calculated using potential renal acid load (PRAL) and the net endogenous acid production (NEAP). Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios. Results: Both PRAL (OR=5.44; 95% CI= (2.09-14.17)) and NEAP (OR=4.88; 95% CI= (2.22-13.41)) were associated with increased risk of PC in crude model. After adjusting for potential confounders (energy intake, smoking, physical activity, ethnicity, job, education, and some drugs usage) compared to the first category, being in the third category of PRAL (OR=3.42;)) and NEAP (OR=3.88; 95% CI= (1.26-9.55)) was associated with increased risk of PC. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that DAL could be associated with increased risk of PC. However, further prospective studies with larger sample sizes and longer durations are needed to confirm these findings.

Aim: The associations between types of dietary protein intake and child anthropometric measurements have not been fully studied. Therefore, we examined dietary protein pattern in relation to anthropometric indicators among 6-year-old children.Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study of 788 randomly selected children from health centres in Tehran, Iran. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire completed by the mothers. Anthropometric measurements were based on standard protocols. Principle component analysis was performed to identify different dietary protein patterns. We used multivariate logistic regression to evaluate how these patterns were associated with child anthropometry.Results: Three dietary protein patterns were identified: pattern 1 (rich in red and processed meats, dairy products and eggs), pattern 2 (rich in fish and poultry) and pattern 3 (rich in soy and legumes). After adjusting for potential confounders (energy intake, socioeconomic status and physical activity), being in the third compared to the first tertiles of pattern 2 was associated with increased (OR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.09-2.27; P = .01) and decreased (OR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.32-0.92; P = .02) risk of overweight/obesity and underweight/ wasting, respectively. There was no association between other dietary patterns and risk of overweight/obesity or underweight/wasting. Conclusions:The present study showed inverse association between the fish/ white meat pattern and underweight/wasting and also a positive association between higher fish/white meat protein intake and higher risk of overweight/ obesity. Further studies are needed to confirm these results. K E Y W O R D S children, dietary protein, obesity, underweight, wasting

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Abstract. Background and aims: Substantial evidence have linked low grade inflammation with the pathophysiology of chronic diseases and psychological impairment. An integral component underlying the link is pro-inflammatory diet. While sleeping is another significant contributor, few studies have addressed the relationship between the sleep quality and inflammatory cascade with the dietary quality as a moderator. The current study assesses the relation between inflammatory potential of the diet and sleep quality in Iranian obese and overweight women. Method: A total of 219 obese and overweight adult women were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. A standard 147-item food‐frequency‐questionnaire was used to record the dietary intakes; then, the dietary inflammatosry index (DII) was derived from the result-consolidated questionnaires. Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was utilized to withdraw the sleep quality and quantity. Results: The mean (±standard deviation) age, body mass index, and PSQI of individuals were 36.49 (8.38) years, 31.04 (4.31) kg/m2, and 5.78(3.55), respectively. Patients in the highest DII quartile were the ones with the higher consumption of pro-inflammatory food, and, ~58% of participants who were in the higher quartile had a sleep disturbance status. Results revealed an inverse relationship between sleep quality and DII in the crude model (β=−0.17, p=0.01) as well as full‐adjusted model (β=0.24, p<0.001), such that women with higher DII had the poorest sleep quality. Conclusion: Based on the present observational study, obese and overweight females with higher adherence of the anti-inflammatory diet may have better sleeping status.