The objective of this study was to adjust parameters related to the interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by reproductive structures of spring canola, with different nitrogen levels and hybrids. Two field experiments were conducted, being one with different sowing dates and hybrids (Hyola 61 and Hyola 432) and another with doses of 10, 20, 40, 80, 160kg ha -1 of N, applied in top dressing. They were conducted in Passo Fundo and Coxilha, RS, Brazil, in 2011 and 2014, respectively

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o número de folhas e o filocrono de genótipos de canola, em resposta a variações térmicas associadas com datas de semeadura. Foram realizados dois experimentos, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com arranjo fatorial de genótipos por datas de semeadura (5x2, em 2009, e 2x3 em 2010) e quatro repetições. O número de folhas do caule principal e do primeiro ramo foi determinado três vezes por semana. O filocrono foi estimado pelo inverso do coeficiente angular entre a soma térmica e o número de folhas, para os subperíodos da roseta e do alongamento do caule. O número de folhas no caule variou de 11,5 a 16,4; nos ramos, este número foi, em média, 70% menor. O número de folhas no caule foi maior em semeaduras precoces, e o inverso ocorreu no ramo. O filocrono foi maior no subperíodo da roseta e variou entre 21,4 e 52,9 graus-dia por folha conforme o genótipo e a data de semeadura. Semeaduras tardias aumentaram o filocrono. Genótipos de ciclo precoce apresentam número de folhas e filocrono menores que genótipos de ciclo médio ou longo, e a variabilidade entre os genótipos acentua-se em semeaduras tardias.Termos para indexação: Brassica napus, Brassica juncea, colza, emissão de folhas, fenologia, soma térmica. Phyllochron and number of leaves of canola in different environmental conditionsAbstract -The objective of this work was to determine the number of leaves and phyllochron of canola genotypes, in response to thermal variations associated with sowing dates. Two experiments were conducted in a randomized block design, with a factorial arrangement of genotype by sowing date (5x2, in 2009, and 2x3 in 2010), and four replicates. The number of leaves on the main stem and first branch was determined threefold a week. Phyllochron was estimated by the inverse of the slope between the thermal time and the number of leaves, at the rosette stage and at stem elongation. The number of leaves on the main stem ranged from 11.5 to 16.4; this number was on average 70% lower in the first segment. The number of leaves on the main stem was higher in early sowing, and the opposite occurred in the first segment. The phyllochron was higher in the rosette stage, and values ranged from 21.4 to 52.9 degree-days per leaf, according to genotypes and sowing dates. Late sowing dates increased the phyllochron. Early genotypes have lower number of leaves and phyllochron than medium and late genotypes, and the variability between them increase in late sowings.

This study evaluated frost-related damage and benefits of cold acclimation during the reproductive phase in canola. Plants were exposed to cold acclimation and frost simulation at the start of flowering, during full flowering, and at the start of grain filling. The following were evaluated: plant mortality, number of viable ovules and silique abortion, floral buds and flowers, number of silique grains, total plant dry matter, number of siliques, total silique abortion, and grain dry matter. Frost caused death in non-acclimated plants and increased abortion in siliques, floral buds, and flowers, thus reducing silique and grain dry matter content. Frost mostly prevented the development of embryos in the siliques, but viable ovules were found in the floral buds and flowers. During their reproductive phase, canola plants have only a limited ability to increase their tolerance to frost damage. Nonetheless, siliques originating from the floral buds and open flowers contained a higher number of grains than siliques after frost exposure. Therefore, from the start of flowering to the start of grain filling, floral buds and flowers are responsible for producing most of the grain dry matter when there is frost occurrence.

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No Rio Grande do Sul são poucos os fragmentos de Floresta Ombrófila Mista em estado natural. Isso, por si só, justifica a importância de estudar esses locais visando à compreensão da sua dinâmica interna e da sua relação com o ambiente de entorno. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o crescimento e acúmulo de biomassa de um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista, localizado na Floresta Nacional de Passo Fundo (FLONA). O experimento foi realizado no Município de Mato Castelhano, RS, utilizando o método de área fixa. Foram instaladas 10 parcelas com 30 x 30 m (900 m²), totalizando 9.000 m², em outubro de 2009. Todas as árvores com Diâmetro à Altura do Peito (DAP) maior que 0,1 m foram identificadas. Nos anos 2009, 2010 e 2012, os indivíduos marcados foram contados e seus DAP, medidos. Com os resultados do DAP das árvores, foram realizados o cálculo da área basal e a estimativa da biomassa da vegetação. O total de indivíduos amostrados foi de 402 (447 árvores ha-1). O diâmetro médio das árvores foi de 0,270 m e a área basal das árvores remanescentes, de 35,58; 36,19; e 37,47 m² ha-1, respectivamente nos anos 2009, 2010 e 2012. Esse incremento da área basal no período avaliado resultou em aumento de 217% no valor da biomassa da avaliação de 2009-2010 para 2010-2012. A FLONA de Passo Fundo apresentou aumento no diâmetro das árvores ao longo do tempo, o que resultou em aumento também no acúmulo de biomassa pelo maciço florestal.

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Our objective was to measure alterations in the micrometeorological conditions surrounding canola seedlings during frost periods, and to quantify seedling mortality as a function of straw distribution on the ground surface. The data was acquired from 15 frosts in 2014. We used four treatments, comprising ground surface without straw (SWS), ground surface entirely straw-covered (SEC), sowing line without straw (SLW), and soil with preexisting surface straw (SES), over three experiments. Net radiation (NR), soil heat flux (G), air (Ta), leaf (Lf), rosette (Tr), and surface temperature (Ts), and plant mortality were evaluated. NR was higher in the SEC treatment and lower in the SLW treatment, whereas G was higher on straw-covered ground; Ts and Ta were lower in the SEC than in the other treatments during the most intense frosts. On 06/19, Tr in the SEC and SLW treatments was -0.66 °C and 0.42 °C, respectively; on 08/14, Lf was -3.62 °C and -2.88 °C in the SEC and SLW treatments, respectively. Plant mortality due to the frost on 06/19 was 30% in the SEC treatment, but 0% in the SLW treatment; the frost of 08/14 caused 33.8% mortality in the SEC treatment and 1.25% in the SLW treatment. This therefore showed that removing straw from the sowing line improved the microclimate around the plants, thus reducing canola mortality at the beginning of the growth cycle, which is when frost events most frequently occur.

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