Background: Chloroquine, 4-N-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-1-N,-N-diethylpentane-1,4-diamine has promising activity against corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and as such, it is imperative to thoroughly understand and determine the rate at which individual body systems metabolizes the drug. Chloroquine a known antimalarial drug belongs to the chemical class of 4-aminoquinolines. Objectives: The study aimed to analyze Chloroquine and its metabolite in biological fluids of healthy subjects by simple thin layer chromatography (TLC), which is an efficient, and inexpensive method for quantifying Chloroquine and its metabolites. Methods: A total of 30 healthy volunteers participated in the study by ingesting 500 mg of chloroquine, and the results were compared with side effects experienced by these subjects. Two brands of Chloroquine phosphate were used for the analysis and the urine were collected pre and post-drug administration and the intensities of the spots observed were compared with the reference standard stock solution. The same or greater intensity of sample spot indicates poor metabolizer, less intensity when compared to the stock spot indicates intermediate metabolizer while a much lesser intensity indicates an extensive metabolizer. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the brands of chloroquine used at P<0.05. 30% of the volunteers were assigned poor metabolizer phenotype, 50% were assigned extensive metabolizer phenotype, and 20% assigned Intermediate metabolizer phenotype based on the intensity of spots observed. The majority of the poor metabolizers were females while the majority of the extensive metabolizers were males. Conclusion: Gender differences plays a vital the role in metabolism, therefore outine implementation of phenotype determination before therapy will therefore greatly improve the goal of therapy and quality of life. implementation of phenotype determination before therapy will, therefore, greatly improve the goal of therapy and quality of life.
Purpose DNA polymorphism describes the difference between individuals, groups, or ethnicities, races, etc., in terms of their DNA sequences or phenotypes as relates to drug metabolism. Using predictive genotyping of drug-metabolizing genes, we can develop individuals’ drug therapies that are less toxic and more effective. The main aim of the study was to evaluate genotype–phenotype-based correlation and incidence of genetic polymorphism of efavirenz blood levels among HIV/AIDS patients of the Niger Delta population. Methods A study questionnaire was designed to obtained patients’ data, blood samples were obtained, plasma was separated from the serum using a centrifuge for 5 minutes at 4000 rpm for HPLC analysis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was conducted using Bsrl endonuclease enzyme to digest the PCR amplicons. Standard efavirenz was used at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 16 mg/L to construct a calibration curve. Data were analyzed with SPSS software using chi-square test at p-value ≤0.5 and Microsoft excel 2013, while PCR and RFLP results were obtained after 1% Agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively. Results Phenotypic results showed that the participants had different efavirenz plasma concentrations. Six subjects (12%) had efavirenz plasma levels below 0.10 mg/L, considered ultra-rapid metabolizers (UMs), 22 (44%) 0.10 mg/L to 0.90 mg/L, classified as extensive metabolizers (EMs), 19 (38%) had 1.0 to 3.9 mg/L and were noted as intermediate metabolizers (IM), while 3 (6%) subjects showed efavirenz plasma levels from 4.0 mg/L to 6.0 mg/L, categorized as poor metabolizers (PM). RFLP results showed more than half of the population (56%) with a homozygous wild-type gene with CYP2B6*1*1 allele, 38% were CYP2B6*1*6 (heterozygous mutant) allele and 6% had homozygous mutant gene (CYP2B6*6*6 allele). Out of the 15 male subjects among the 50 patients that participated in the study, 8% were UM, 12% EM, 14% IM while no PM was observed, on the contrary, out of the 35 females participated in the study, 4% were observed as UM, 32% EM, 24% IM, while 6% were PM. Conclusion There was no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between genotype and phenotype data for CYP2B6 polymorphism, among the HIV/AIDS patients that participated in this study. Genetic polymorphism of the CYP2B6 gene is prevalent among HIV/AIDs patients in the Niger Delta ethnic population on efavirenz-based HAART treatment, as the population having homozygous mutant gene or PM are >1% (6%).
Background: Lasimorpha senegalensis is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows in marshy places and produces a clump of leaves from a short, thick, strongly stoloniferous rhizome. It's been used to treat gonorrhea and dysentery, among other ailments. The leaves can also be used to treat coughs and uneasiness and agitation in bigger dosages. It's also given to pregnant women to help them deliver more quickly. The study aimed to conduct phytochemical screening and evaluate the antimicrobial properties of Lasimorpha senegalensis. The leaves and fruit parts Lasimorpha senegalensis (Schott) Araceae were collected at Korokorosei community in Bayelsa State, air-dried, pulverized and extracted using dichloromethane, ethanol, methanol and water. Flavonoids, saponins, tannins, ketones, and cardiac glycosides were all found to be present. Preliminary thin layer chromatographic screening of the extracts was also done, as well as the antibacterial evaluation of the different fractions using the agar diffusion technique.Results: The phytochemical screening for tannins, cardiac glycoside, ketones, and flavonoids were positive. Inhibition zones for the aqueous fraction at 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg/ml for E. coli was 32, 22, 18 and 11 mm respectively, while 8, 9, 10 and 14 mm for Pseudomnas aeruginosa. For the methanolic fraction, at the above concentrations, 10, 11, 14 and 14 nm was observed as zones of inhibition on Escherichia coli, 14, 19, 15, and 20 nm for Pseudomnas aeruginosa, and 19, 20, 20, and 20 nm for Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Furthermore, in the dichloromethane fraction, 13, 20, 19, and 15 nm were observed as zones of inhibition on Escherichia coli, 8, 10, 15, and 15 nm for Pseudomnas aeruginosa, and 20, 15, 20, and 18 nm for Staphylococcus aureus, respectively.Conclusion: It is evident, from the results obtained that the leaf portion of the plants can be used in the treatment of infections caused by E. col, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. With the high amounts of flavonoids observed, it can possibly be employed as an antioxidant and a cardioprotective.
Nutritional Essential Balance is a common trend in life. Iodine is not produced in the body and it is vital in maintaining good health, therefore it is needed to be consumed regularly. Essential iodine supplies are found in the ocean's bounty such as, sea salt, and fish. On land, iodine levels in the soil are great and are sufficiently maintained by plants such as cereals, vegetables. Several of the body functions rely upon iodine, including energy production, mental development, thyroid hormones production, reproductive glands support, and maintenance of the strong lymphatic system as well as cell growth regulation. Small amounts of iodine are found in the blood, nerves, and other organs of the body, but most of the body's iodine is present in the thyroid, breasts, ovaries, uterus, and prostate glands. The study was aimed to determine and evaluate the level of iodine concentration in the urine of school-age children, and its correlation to their intelligence quotient (IQ). The Titrimetric method was used in iodine urine concentration analysis. Urine (5 ml) was measured from a universal bottle and transferred to a beaker and 20 ml of water was added. After preparing the test mixture, it was titrated with 0.001M sodium thiosulphate using a burette, and at the endpoint colorless solution was obtained, this done for all the samples. From the results, the median urinary iodine levels were 117.7µg/L which is within the adequate iodine intake range (100-199 µg/L). This suggests that iodine was not deficient in any form amongst the school children. There may also be no risk of mental impairment and goiter development among these children if iodine concentration in urine is a risk factor. Therefore, checking the iodine nutrition of a population is vital and a good marker in the assessment of iodine deficiency-related disorders.
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