Detection of combustion-related phenomena such as misfire, knock, and sporadic preignition is very important for the development of electronic controls needed for the gasoline direct injection engines to meet the production goals in power, fuel economy, and low emissions. This paper applies several types of combustion ionization sensors, and a pressure transducer that directly senses the in-cylinder combustion, and the knock sensor which is an accelerometer that detects the impact of combustion on engine structure vibration. Experimental investigations were conducted on a turbocharged four-cylinder gasoline direct injection engine under operating conditions that produce the above phenomena. One of the cylinders is instrumented with a piezo quartz pressure transducer, MSFI (multi-sensing fuel injector), a stand-alone ion current probe, and a spark plug applied to act as an ion current sensor. A comparison is made between the capabilities of the pressure transducer, ion current sensors, and the knock sensor in detecting the above phenomena. The signals from in-cylinder combustion sensors give more accurate information about combustion than the knock sensor. As far as the feasibility and cost of their application in production vehicles, the spark plug sensor and MSFI appear to be the most favorable, followed by the stand-alone mounted sensor which is an addition to the engine.
Detection of combustion related phenomena such as misfire, knock and sporadic preignition is very important for the development of electronic controls needed for the gasoline direct injection engines to meet the production goals in power, fuel economy, and low emissions. This paper applies several types of combustion ionization sensors, and a pressure transducer that directly sense the in-cylinder combustion, and the knock sensor which is an accelerometer that detects the impact of combustion on engine structure vibration. Experimental investigations were conducted on a turbocharged four cylinders gasoline direct injection engine under operating conditions that produce the above phenomena. One of the cylinders is instrumented with a Piezo quartz pressure transducer, MSFI (Multi sensing fuel injector), a standalone ion current probe, and a spark plug applied to act as an ion current sensor. A comparison is made between the capabilities of the pressure transducer, ion current sensors, and the knock sensor in detecting the above phenomena. The signals from in-cylinder combustion sensors give more accurate information about combustion than the knock sensor. As far as the feasibility and cost of their application in production vehicles the spark plug sensor and MSFI appear to be the most favorable, followed by the Standalone mounted sensor which is an addition to the engine.
Cannabis use is on the rise due to popularity, legalization and increase in medical use. Cannabis is primarily inhaled as smoke and acts as an instigator for respiratory symptoms especially in patients with Asthma. There are no population-based studies available to estimate the burden and outcomes of cannabis use during asthma hospitalizations. We aim to estimate the trends and characteristics associated with cannabis use among asthma patients. METHODS:Study cohort is derived from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) for the years 2008-2017. Hospitalizations due to asthma were identified using previously validated ICD-9-CM/ICD-10-CM. We excluded pregnant patients and restricted our cohort to the younger age group of 18-49 years for final analysis. Cannabis use disorder and other diagnosis of interests were identified by ICD-9/10-CM codes. We then utilized the Cochran Armitage trend test and multivariable survey logistic regression models to analyze temporal trends, predictors and outcomes.RESULTS: Out of a total 1,014,328 hospitalizations due to Asthma in young adult patients, 36,008 (3.6%) had concurrent cannabis use disorder. Proportion of patients using cannabis increased from 1.8% in 2007 to 7.5% in 2018 with a yearly increase of 14.9% (OR 1.2; 95%CI 1.1-1.2; p<0.01). Patients with concurrent cannabis use were younger and more likely to be male and African American. In multivariable regression analysis, age group 18-34 (OR 1.9; 95%CI 1.5-2.0; P< 0.01); females (OR 2.1; 95% CI 2.0-2.3; p<0.01), African American (OR 1.8; 95%CI 1.6 -1.9, p<0.01), lowest income status (OR 1.3; 95%CI 1.2-1.4, p<0.01), west region (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4-1.7, p<0.01), mid-west, uninsured/self-pay (OR 1.1 ;95% CI 1.1-1.2, P¼0.006) and conditions such as weight loss (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.4-2.2, p<0.01), alcoholism (OR 3.8; p <0.01) and cancer were associated with higher odds of concurrent cannabis use. After adjusting with confounding factors cannabis use was not associated with inhospital mortality or discharge to facilities. However, cannabis use was associated with higher odds of non-invasive ventilation (OR 1.3; 95% CI 1.2-1.5, p<0.01) and invasive ventilation (OR 1.4; p<0.01).CONCLUSIONS: Cannabis use is more prevalent in younger, male gender, African American and lower socio-economic asthmatic patients. Although concurrent cannabis use disorders are not associated with increased in-hospital mortality or discharge to facilities, it is associated with increased ventilation utilization rates.CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Our study identifies the determinants among the cannabis usage in Asthma patients depicting the increasing trend and requirement of ventilation among the hospitalizations. Ultimately, additional research and guidelines are needed to curtail the cannabis use in asthmatic patients.
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