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With the advancement in technology and inception of smart vehicles and smart cities, every vehicle can communicate with the other vehicles either directly or through ad-hoc networks. Therefore, such platforms can be utilized to disseminate time-critical information. However, in an ad-hoc situation, information coverage can be restricted in situations, where no relay vehicle is available. Moreover, the critical information must be delivered within a specific period of time; therefore, timely message dissemination is extremely important. The existing data dissemination techniques in VANETs generate a large number of messages through techniques such as broadcast or partial broadcast. Thus, the techniques based on broadcast schemes can cause congestion as all the recipients re-broadcast the message and vehicles receive multiple copies of same messages. Further, re-broadcast can degrade the coverage delivery ratio due to channel congestion. Moreover, the traditional cluster-based approach cannot work efficiently. As clustering schemes add additional delays due to communication with cluster head only. In this paper, we propose a data dissemination technique using a time barrier mechanism to reduce the overhead of messages that can clutter the network. The proposed solution is based on the concept of a super-node to timely disseminate the messages. Moreover, to avoid unnecessary broadcast which can also cause the broadcast storm problem, the time barrier technique is adapted to handle this problem. Thus, only the farthest vehicle rebroadcasts the message which can cover more distance. Therefore, the message can reach the farthest node in less time and thus, improves the coverage and reduces the delay. The proposed scheme is compared with traditional probabilistic approaches. The evaluation section shows the reduction in message overhead, transmission delay, improved coverage, and packet delivery ratio. INDEX TERMS VANET, emergency messages, data dissemination, 802.11p WAVE, probabilistic clustering, time barrier.

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The inception of the smart cities concept provides a compelling platform to support innovative applications. It provides distinctive view of cities, where mobile devices, pedestrians, and electronic gadgets can communicate with each other to build an effective urban environment to further improve the living standards. Similarly, the role of the Internet of Things (IoT) and vehicular computing has emerged due to smart cities. This is further complemented by edge and fog computing architectures. The emerging concept of vehicular fog computing has enabled the platform to support delay-sensitive applications and to reduce the workload on the backend networks. Vehicular fog computing is a paradigm that touches the boundaries of thinking vehicles as an infrastructures-as-a-service. The use of vehicles to provide computation on-the-move poses various challenges. The vehicles with onboard computing equipment can facilitate delay-sensitive applications. These vehicles can act as an edge device to reduce the load from a backbone network. However, due to continuous mobility, it is difficult to use traditional frameworks to distribute the computation task among vehicles. In this paper, we propose a framework termed vFog. The vFog is designed to provide computing facilities from nearby fog vehicles. The framework utilizes the onboard computing facility of vehicles without the support of roadside units (RSUs). Moreover, the proposed framework handles churn behavior and supports multi-hop communication to improve the task delivery ratio. The proposed framework allows researchers to benchmark their own task distribution algorithms over the dynamic vehicular networks. INDEX TERMS Vehicular fog computing, tasks scheduling policy, edge devices, multi-vehicle relay.

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A new phenomenological multizone combustion model has been developed for direct-injection (DI) diesel engines based on the well-known Dec's "conceptual" model for DI diesel combustion as well as spray models from Siebers et al. (liquid-and vapor-phase fuel penetration, spray spreading angle, and lift-off length). The model distinguishes six zones and provides local information, such as mean equivalence ratio and temperature in the various zones. A validation of the model is performed while varying main engine parameters, such as engine speed and load, inlet air temperature, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rate, boost pressure, or the injection pressure. The model is able to calculate the rate of heat release (ROHR) with good accuracy, whereas the variation of calculated local parameters (core spray and flame temperature, lift-off length, and corresponding equivalence ratio) can be used to explain the main tendencies on engine-out NO x and particulate matter (PM) emissions observed on the engine test bench.

Shaped charges are used in many civilian and military applications. This study focuses on the effects of liner material and the type of explosive on the development of shaped charge jet. This was carried out by experimentation and numerical finite element-based modelling. Shaped charges were tested on a steel plate during the experimentation and the experimental data were used to validate the developed numerical model of the shaped charge. A hydrocode-based finite element model was able to predict the perforation and jet formation for the shaped charge, as well as the characteristics of the holes formed in the target plate. Several variations of the numerical model with the change of liner material and the filled explosive showed that the higher explosive resulted in higher velocity jet. The jet formation and velocity of jet were compared to determine the better performing combination of the material and explosive for the given shaped charge geometry. The underlying mechanisms were discussed in detail and compared with the previous studies.

Abstract. This paper shows the comparison of temperatures produced in a dry friction clutch disc with different materials during a single engagement to assist in clutch plate design and analysis. A study of usage of different materials for friction lining of clutch disc is required, which will provide improved performance and enhanced life. This investigation is modelled mathematically and solved numerically using finite element method. ANSYS ® 15.0 is a dedicated finite element package used for determining the temperature distribution across a clutch disc. In the present work, an investigation of a conventionally used harmful friction lining material asbestos is compared with carbon-carbon composite, S2-glass fibre and aluminium metal matrix composite. The transient thermal analysis of a clutch disc with different materials is performed and the temperature distribution on the clutch system is compared.Simulation results indicate that all the values of the temperature obtained from the analysis of aluminium metal matrix are less than those of asbestos based lining material, therefore clutch disc made up of aluminium metal matrix composite will assure the extended service life and the longer stability due to the fact that the temperature responsible for the wear and tear has been reduced. Furthermore, the slipping time is also considered in this investigation.