Breath analysis is a potential and non-invasive tool for monitoring drugs levels and the status of respiratory or systemic disorders and attracted more attentions in recent years.
The detection and quantification of biomarkers is gaining attention in medical research and diagnostics communities. Biomarkers cover a range from gases to biological macromolecules. Because of the nanomolar range levels of typical biomarkers in plasma, blood, urine, exhalation samples, and other biological fluids as well as complex matrix of biological media, adequate sample preparation methods should be used for quantification of biomarkers. The performance of an analytical method for biomarkers should support reproducible and accurate data. In the present paper, recent progress in well-established solid phase microextraction (SPME) methods for the clinical analysis are reviewed and discussed.
A dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction procedure coupled with capillary electrophoresis ultraviolet detection was developed for determination of verapamil in plasma samples. Graphene oxide/polydopamin was synthesized by a one-step polymerization method, and graphene oxide/Fe O (magnetic graphene oxide) nanocomposite was prepared by coprecipitation method. Moreover, they were fully characterized. The use of hazardous and water-immiscible solvents was scaled down, and only 500 μL of acetone was required as the desorption solvent. The detector response concentration plots were linear in the range of 5-500 ng/mL, and the proposed method was validated according to guidelines. The precision and accuracy were less than 15%. Dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction method provides a rapid, environmentally friendly, and sensitive analysis for the verapamil in patient plasma samples, which is adequate for therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies.
A rapid, convenient, sensitive and reliable dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) method was coupled with field-amplified sample injection (FASI) in capillary electrophoresis with a diode array detector for the quantification of verapamil enantiomers in human plasma samples. Various parameters affecting the extraction efficiency as well as FASI were optimized. The method performance was studied over the concentration range of 25-350 ng mL À1 for each enantiomer in terms of accuracy (recovery ¼ 92-115%), linearity (coefficients of determination (R 2 ) > 0.99) and repeatability (RSDs% agree within 15%). The method was validated in plasma according to FDA guidelines. This is the first work showing the possibility of the use of DLLME and on-line sample pre-concentration techniques for the analysis of verapamil enantiomers in plasma.
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