This cross-sectional survey was carried out to assess epidemiological data concerning dental injuries to the permanent incisors of Syrian children. It included 1087 children aged 9 to 12 years, of both sexes, randomly selected from public and private primary schools in Damascus. The response rate was 100%. The prevalence of traumatic injuries to the permanent incisors rose from 5.2% at the age of 9 years to 11.7% at the age of 12 years (P = 0.007). The difference in prevalence between boys and girls was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The majority (59.8%) of children who had experienced injuries to the permanent incisors reported that they were not taken to the dentist for evaluation or treatment of the damage. Among those children who had experienced traumatic injuries to the teeth 93.1% presented with untreated damage. Because some injuries were minor, such as small enamel fractures, the proportion of children who needed treatment was 63.2%. There was a tendency for children with an incisal overjet greater than 5 mm to have experienced dental injuries (P = 0.06). Children with inadequate lip coverage were more likely to have experienced dental injuries than those with adequate lip coverage (P = 0.000). The most common reported cause of injuries to the permanent incisors was violence (42.5%), followed by traffic accidents (24.1%), collisions with people or inanimate objects (16.0%) and falls (9.1%). In conclusion, traumatic dental injury may pose a serious dental public health problem.
Introduction: Keratoconus is an ectatic disease of the cornea characterized by central or paracentral thinning and steepening that causes a cone-like protrusion of the cornea resulting in reduction in patient's visual acuity usually with progressive myopia and astigmatism. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of refractive errors and grading among a sample of Syrian patients with Keratoconus. Methods and Materials: It is a prospective cross-sectional study conducted at Damascus hospital in Syria between the period (September 2021 till the end of April 2022). The study included both newly diagnosed patients as well as patients doing checkups for their previously diagnosed KCN at the time of study. The topographical variables studied are as follows: Kmax, TL, Pachy apex, and maximum posterior and anterior elevation data measured with (BFTE) reference body within the 8-mm diameter zone. Uncorrected and best corrected distal visual acuities were determined by subjective refraction tests. A phoropter was used to subjectively define the patient's eyeglass prescription and refraction errors. All done without cycloplegic drugs Results: The sample size analyzed was 93 patients corresponding to 173 eyes. Unilateral involvement was (7.5%) and bilateral KCN was (92.5%) with a male to female distribution (44.1%) to (55.9%) respectively. Mean age was 29.7 ±10.9 within the range of [ 9 - 72 years]. The mean values for topographical variables measured were as follows: K.max (52.7 ± 6.07 D [range; 43 - 74.5]), TL (473.3 ± 43.1 µm [range; 343 - 609]), Pachy (486.05 ± 41.17 µm [range; 369 - 612]), Maximum anterior elevation (14.53 ± 10.08 µm [range; 2 - 48]) and Maximum posterior elevation (31.05 ± 19.36 µm [range; 5 - 93]). Regarding refractive status, mean spherical refraction was: -1.87 ± 3.69 [range: 10.25 to −17.00 D], mean cylindrical refraction was: -2.85 ± 1.9 [range: 0.00 to −10.00] and mean SE refraction was: -3.30 ± 3.98 [range: 8.75 to −20.50 D]. The mean values of the measured UDVA (log Mar) for 149 eyes was 0.5 ± 0.4 [range: 0 to 1.30] and of BCVA (log Mar) with spectacles was 0.14 ± 0.19 [range: 0 to 1.00]. In terms of KCN grading moderate grade was the most common (43.1%) followed by mild grade (45.1%) as for severe grade it accounted for (11.0%) in total. Compound myopic astigmatism (57.2%) constituted the majority of cases followed by Simple myopic astigmatism (23.1%) and Mixed astigmatism (9.9%). Correlation between absolute value of SE and Kmax (r = 0.669, P-value = 0.000) and with TL (r = -0.393, P-value = 0.000) Conclusion: The clinical profile of keratoconus in Syrian patients is comparable to other studies worldwide with it being more frequent in females and having Compound myopic astigmatism being the most common refractive error related to eyes with keratoconus.
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