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Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a chronic debilitating condition that occurs in children affected with measles. SSPE is broadly distinguished as typical SSPE, the more rampant form, occurring over a period of years following primary measles infection, while the atypical has a more rapidly progressive course over weeks to months. SSPE can present with cognitive, epileptic, autonomic, pyramidal and ophthalmologic manifestations with scholastic decline being the primary feature. The management of SSPE focuses on improvement of quality of life and prolongation of survival which can be achieved with the use of supportive care modalities and immunomodulators respectively. This is a comprehensive review which discusses several parameters of SSPE such as epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and detailed management protocol for this condition. As part of this review, we also discuss a case of rapidly progressive, fulminant and atypical SSPE in a five-year-old male presenting clinically with myoclonic jerks of lower extremities.

Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disease. It involves the psychological, socioeconomic dimensions of an individual. Histopathology is considered as an accurate method for diagnosing leprosy. Immunity is largely T-cell mediated, whereas deficiency of T-cells causes lepromatous leprosy. The relative proportion of T and B lymphocytes were studied using CD3 and CD20 immunohistochemistry markers (IHC). A Retrospective, prospective and observational study was carried from August 2016 to July 2019. The cases were divided based on histopathological findings. IHC markers CD3 was used to study T cell whereas CD20 was used to study B-cells. As per Ridley Jopling classification maximum cases belonged to indeterminate forms. Bacillary load of 4+ and above was seen in lepromatous leprosy. CD3 showed strong positivity in all types whereas CD20 showed more focal positive staining for lepromatous leprosy than tuberculoid and indeterminate forms.

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<p>The embryonal sarcoma of the liver is an extremely malignant, aggressive and infrequent condition of the liver, predominantly affecting children in the age groups of four to ten. The disease manifests with fever, abdominal pain or mass, nausea and laboratory findings suggestive of liver cell injury. The diagnosis can be made using tumor markers, imaging, immunohistochemistry and histopathology. The multimodal management protocol focuses the use of surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiation to significantly improved survival rates and quality of life in these patients.</p>

Background: Caffeine consumption has significantly increased over the last decade and is largely attributed to the lifestyle changes. Adverse effects of excess caffeine consumption vary from sleep disorders to dependence and withdrawal symptoms. Only a few studies are available in India regarding caffeine intake and its effects.Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted on students of medical and engineering college students of a private university during the period from 1st October 2016 – 30th April 2017 (Seven months). Semi open ended questionnaire was administered using an online tool. The data was entered into IBM SPSS 20 USA. Percentages were calculated and chi square test was applied to find out association between Medical and Engineering student’s caffeine consumption frequency and reasons. P value <0.05 was considered significant.Results: Of 200 participants, 90 (45%) were medical students. Mean age of the participants was 20.25±1.65 years. Twelve (13.3%) medical and 17 (15.5%) engineering students consumed coffee two-three times/day. Nineteen (21.1%) medical and 19 (17.3%) and engineering students respectively consume soft drinks two-three times a week. Thirty two (35.5%) medical and 35 (29.09%) engineering students drink coffee to remain alert. Nine (10%) medical and 11 (13.8%) engineering students have unsuccessfully tried to quit coffee. Fourteen (12.7%) engineering students showed withdrawal symptoms like anxiety, restlessness and nervousness.Conclusions: Engineering students were found to be consuming more caffeine stating reason as social pastime or to increase concentration. Withdrawal symptoms like caffeine cravings, nervousness and anxiety were observed more in engineering students.

Background: India accounted for more than 50% of polio cases globally. India therefore started the intensive pulse polio immunization (IPPI) in 1995. The national immunization days (NID) were on 28th January and 11th March 2018. The objectives of this study were to determine the completeness of pulse polio immunization round on 28th January 2018, to evaluate the reasons for non-compliance of the community towards the vaccination round, to assess the demographic profile amongst the unvaccinated children.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 570 children of zero-five years were checked in major areas of Pune that is Katraj Zoo, Swargate, Saras baug and a school in Dhankawadi. The data was collected after the first round of PPI by viewing the ink mark on the left little finger nail of the child or by interviewing the parents. SIA monitoring chart was used to assess the completeness of immunization campaign. Statistical analysis: Microsoft Excel were used to calculate percentages.Results: Out of 570, 69 (12.1%) were unvaccinated with the highest number seen in nursery that is 28 (40.6%). Amongst the unvaccinated (n=69), 40 (57.9%) were males. In the unvaccinated children (n=69), 13 (18.84%) and 56 (81.15%) belonged to age group of  zero-two years and two-five years respectively. Reasons for being unvaccinated were 29(42%) parents were unaware of time and place of PPI, 21 (30.4%) were outside Pune and 19 (27.5%) were unwilling due to false beliefs..Conclusions: Awareness should be increased about benefits of PPI through mass media, local leaders and teachers to enhance community participation. The authorities’ in charge of the PPI should be informed regarding areas lacking significant coverage so that they can be concentrated upon during subsequent PPI rounds ultimately contributing to eradicate poliomyelitis.