Tooth wear is a process that is usually a result of tooth to tooth and/or tooth and restoration contact. The process of wear essentially becomes accelerated by the introduction of restorations inside the oral cavity, especially in case of opposing ceramic restorations. The newest materials have vastly contributed toward the interest in esthetic dental restorations and have been extensively studied in laboratories. However, despite the recent technological advancements, there has not been a valid in vivo method of evaluation involving clinical wear caused due to ceramics upon restored teeth and natural dentition. The aim of this paper is to review the latest advancements in all-ceramic materials, and their effect on the wear of opposing dentition. The descriptive review has been written after a thorough MEDLINE/PubMed search by the authors. It is imperative that clinicians are aware of recent advancements and that they should always consider the type of ceramic restorative materials used to maintain a stable occlusal relation. The ceramic restorations should be adequately finished and polished after the chair-side adjustment process of occlusal surfaces.
Hearing is an essential sense of an individual, which is crucial for verbal communication and social living. With increasing noise pollution, ototoxic drugs, ototoxic chemicals the incidence of old age deafness is on increase. WHO estimates 360 million individuals in the world have disabling hearing loss, of which 91% are adults and only 9% are children. [1] Disabling hearing loss is >40 dB hearing loss in better ear in a person above the age of 15 years and >30 dB in better ear below the age of 15 years. [2] The noise, diabetes, cervical spondyliosis, hypertension, hypothyroidism, obesity, sinusitis, Eustachian tube dysfunction ototoxicity of drugs and chemicals are the few which aggravate the age related sensorineural deafness (presbyacusis). Noise induced hearing loss is 100% preventable, but once the patient had it, is for life time. [3]
Allergic rhinitis (AR), a common atopic disease, is a global health concern causing a significant burden on healthcare resources and is associated with a high incidence in the pediatric population. Pharmacotherapy controls the severity of the disease; however, relapsing symptoms challenge the management of AR. A significant AR burden is witnessed in the Middle East region. However, there is a lack of published data on the epidemiology, diagnosis, current treatment options, and preventive measures for AR in the Middle East. The present study discusses the expert experiences on the epidemiology, diagnosis, current treatment options, and preventive measures for AR in the Middle East, supported by relevant literature. An advisory board meeting involving nine experts in the field of otolaryngology from Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Pakistan was conducted. The experiences of the experts on the epidemiology and diagnosis of AR in the Middle East, including current treatment options, preventive measures, and the management of rhinitis medicamentosa were combined and supported by a literature review.
Based on expert experiences and literature review, Intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) may be considered a more effective treatment option as opposed to oral antihistamines. Patients who do not respond within 2–3 weeks of INCS treatment may be prescribed combination therapy with antihistamines and decongestants (limited time and certain cases). These evidence-based expert experiences focusing on the management of AR in the Middle East may provide up-to-date guidance to primary care physicians for the effective management of AR patients in this region.
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