The present study aims to investigate the adverse effects of plant growth regulators : gibberellic acid (GA3) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) on testicular functions in rats, and extends to investigate the possible protective role of grape seed extract, proanthocyanidin (PAC). Male rats were divided into six groups; control group, PAC, GA3, IAA, GA3 + PAC and IAA + PAC groups. The data showed that GA3 and IAA caused significant increase in total lipids, total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in the serum, concomitant with a significant decrease in high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, total protein, and testosterone levels. In addition, there was significant decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. A significant decrease was detected also in epididymyal fructose along with a significant reduction in sperm count. Testicular lipid peroxidation product and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels were significantly increased. Meanwhile, the total antioxidant capacity, glutathione, sulphahydryl group content, as well as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity were significantly decreased. Moreover, there were a number of histopathological testicular changes including Leydig's cell degeneration, reduction in seminiferous tubule and necrotic symptoms and sperm degeneration in both GA3- and IAA-treated rats. However, an obvious recovery of all the above biochemical and histological testicular disorders was detected when PAC seed extract was supplemented to rats administered with GA3 or IAA indicating its protective effect. Therefore it was concluded that supplementation with PAC had ameliorative effects on those adverse effects of the mentioned plant growth regulators through its natural antioxidant properties.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective role of grape seed extract (containing proanthocyandin) against the adverse effects of plant growth regulators (GA 3 (gibberellic acid) and IAA (indoleacetic acid)). The present data showed that the administration of either GA 3 and IAA caused undesirable changes in both hepatic and testicular structure. This was evidenced by a disturbed hepatic strands, pyknotic nuclei, central vein with collapsed endothelium, dilatation in bile sinusoids, congested blood vessel, binucleatd hepatocytes, lymphocytic infiltration, vacuolation, giant hepatic cells, increased Kupffer cells and karyoryxis. Additionally, it was shown that degenerative changes in the testis, spermatogenic arrest, moderate tubular necrosis, Leydig cell degeneration and reduction in the number and size of the seminiferous tubules with some spermatogonia detached from the basement membrane. Concerning flow cytometric study of the liver a significant decrease in G0/1 % and a significant increase in S phase %, G2/ M %, P 53 % and apoptosis % (sub G1) were detected. However, in testis the data recorded a significant decrease in the percentage of mature sperm (percentage of haploid cells) and a significant increase in the percentage of spermatide, diploid cells, P 53 and of apoptotic cells. On the other hand, a distinct recovery of the mentioned hepatic and testicular histopathological and cytogenetic disorders was observed when proanthocyanidin was supplemented to rats administered either of the plant growth hormones (GA 3 and IAA).
BackgroundThe study was conducted to shed the light on adverse effects of food additive such as sodium nitrite (NaNO2; as preservative) and sunset yellow (as color) on the rat liver. Furthermore, the study was extended to show the protective role of Nigella sativa (black seed) and bees' honey in modulating the toxic effects induced by these additives.Methods‐resultsData show that the administration of NaNO2 and sunset yellow caused significant increase in serum and liver total lipids, total cholesterol, riglycerides and phospholipids levels. Also, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities were increased in serum and liver of rats. Oxidative stress markers; lipid peroxidation product and protein carbonyl group were increased in the liver. However, the antioxidants glutathione content, glutathione‐S‐transferase and catalase activities were decreased significantly in the liver tissue. Interestingly, a complete recovery of most of biochemical abnormalities was observed when black seed and bees' honey were administered, in combination, to rats intoxicated with NaNO2 and Sunset yellow.ConclusionWe conclude that bees' honey is more hepatoprotective than black seed but the administration of both agents together has a better liver‐protection effect rather. Black seed and bees' honey should be used in Human food additives based on their protector effect
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