ABSTRACT1. Nations have recently committed to protecting 20-30% of the ocean at various global summits; however, marine protected areas currently cover <3% of the ocean. Large-scale marine protected areas (LSMPAs, >100 000 km 2
In 2014, the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) utilized unique partnerships with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the US Coast Guard for the first comparative testing of two unmanned aircraft systems (UAS): the Ikhana (an MQ-9 Predator B) and a Puma All-Environment (Puma AE). A multidisciplinary team of scientists developed missions to explore the application of the two platforms to maritime surveillance, marine resource monitoring and assessment. Testing was conducted in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM), a marine protected area in the a NOAA Fisheries Pacific Islands Regional Office. 1845 Wasp Blvd., Bldg. 176, Honolulu, Hawaii 96818.
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