Hyperlipidemia has been related to sever health outcome include cardiovascular complication, metabolic disorders and infertility. Moreover, obesity has also been linked to dangerous effects on testicular morphology, spermatogenesis and sperm malformation. Many studies using different herbal medicines exert protective and therapeutic effect on the testes, spermatogenesis and fertility in animals fed high fat diet. Objective: this study aimed to find out the protective effect of cinnamon on testes of albino rat fed high fat diet (HFD). Forty adult male albino rats were selected and equally divided into 4 groups. Group 1: animals of this group were fed standard diet. Group 2: rats were fed standard diet and cinnamon "15% weight by weight, w/w" for 8 weeks. Group 3: animals in this group were fed HFD (2% cholesterol, 15 % sucrose, 15% corn, 15% cocoa butter, starch and 4.7% cellulose) for 8 weeks. Group 4: animals in this group were fed HFD and cinnamon. At the end of 4 weeks half animals were sacrificed and the rest of animals were sacrificed at the end of 8 weeks and blood samples were collected to assay the testosterone level. As well as testes were taken and prepared for both histological and ultrastructure studies. Histological examination of testicular tissue of HFD-fed animals revealed many pathological changes include degenerated seminiferous tubules, distorted germinal layers and interstitial tissue appeared degenerated with intertubular hemorrhage. Ultrastructural observations showed severe degenerated features including both different types of spermatogonia and interstitial tissue. On the other hand, both histological and ultrastructural alterations were substantially but not completely protect in obese animals fed HFD and cinnamon for 4 weeks while advanced degree of improvement tissue appeared after 8 weeks of the same treatment. As well as, significantly increase in the level of testosterone was recorded when compared with HFD-fed animals. The present work concluded that cinnamon dietary uptake may improve testicular damage induced by HFD as it has anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity and antioxidant activities.

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Gervital on testicular damage induced by the anticancer drug, methotrexate (MXT), in adult male albino rats. Forty male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into five experimental groups (8 animals in each one) Group 1: served as control group. Group 2: animals of this group were orally administered grape seed extract only at a dose level of 150mg/kg body weight daily for 28 days. Group 3: animals of this group were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of MXT (8mg/kg body weight) per week for 4 weeks. Group 4: animals of this group were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of MXT followed by grape seed extract (GSE) daily for 28 days. Group 5: animals of this group were pretreated with GSE followed by MXT. At the end of the experimental period, all rats were sacrificed. Blood samples were collected for the biochemical study and testes were removed and prepared for histological and ultrastructural studies. Results: Methotrexate significantly reduced the final body and testes weight. Histological observations: several pathological changes were observed in the testicular tissues. These changes include degenerated seminiferous tubules, distorted spermatogenic cells and degenerated interstitial tissue with hemorrhage.Ultrastructural examination showed various severe degenerated features after MXT treatment including types A&B spermatogonia, round and elongated spermatids. On the other hand, GSE administration showed advanced degree of improvement in all the histopathological and ultrastructural changes; the testicular tissues appeared mostly normal.Biochemical analysis revealed that MXT injection significantly reduced serum testosterone level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity while, it significantly elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Otherwise, administration of gervital restored the previous

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Background Hepatitis C is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). It can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis. Sofosbuvir (sofo) is a nucleotide analog inhibitor of HCV NS5B polymerase used to treat chronic hepatitis C infection as a component of a combination of antiviral treatment regimen. Many side effects of sofo were reported in different mammalian organs including kidney. Moringa oleifera (MO) is one of the medicinal plants which have many pharmacological activities and nutritional applications due to its rich phytonutrients content. This study aimed to investigate the possible ameliorative effect of MO seed oil against nephrotoxicity induced by sofo in adult male albino rats. The experimental animals were divided equally into four groups. Group I: animals were served as control. Group II: animals were orally given MO oil (2 ml/kg/day). Group III: animals were orally administered with sofo (36 mg/kg/day). Group IV: animals were orally given sofo then after 2 h they were given MO oil (with the same previous doses). All doses were daily given to the animals for eight weeks. At the end of the experiments, animals were sacrificed and sera were collected to determine urea, creatinine and malondialdehyde levels and catalase activity. Kidneys were removed out and prepared for both the histological and immunohistochemical studies. Results Sofo-treated animals showed many pathological changes; damaged glomeruli and degenerated renal tubules with vacuolated lining epithelial cells contain pyknotic nuclei. In addition, leukocytic infiltration, congested blood vessels and hemorrhage were seen. Caspase-3 and PCNA were expressed in a large number of cells in the same group. Moreover, a significant increase in urea, creatinine and malondialdehyde levels was recorded as well as a significant decrease in catalase activity. Co-treatment of MO oil with sofo effectively counteracted the observed adverse effects. It attenuated the histological picture of the kidney, significantly ameliorated urea, creatinine and malondialdehyde levels and catalase activity and restored the normal expressions of caspase-3 and PCNA. Conclusions Moringa oleifera oil can ameliorate nephrotoxicity induced by sofo via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties.

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes both acute and chronic hepatitis which spread worldwide and accompanied with severe complications in long period of injury. Sofosbuvir (sofo) is a new drug for HCV treatment. Although it has an effective potential in reducing HCV load, its use was accompanied by some side effects. Moringa oleifera (MO) seed oil is natural food-supplemented oil has many pharmaceutical properties which give the plant the ability to reduce or improve the side effects of many insults. This work aimed to determine the possible protective effects of MO seed oil against sofo-nephrotoxicity. Four experimental groups were used; the control group, MO oil group was orally given MO seed oil (2ml/kg/day), sofo group was orally given sofo (36mg/kg/day) and sofo and MO oil group was orally administered sofo, then after 2 hours they were given MO oil. The rats received all doses daily for eight weeks. Twenty four hours following the last injection, rats were anesthetized, sacrificed, the two kidneys were quickly removed and the blood samples were withdrawn for complete blood count (CBC) and determination of the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of glutathione (GSH). Sofosbuvir induced marked ultrastructural changes and significant decrease in SOD activity and GSH level. In addition, CBC of the same groups showed significant decrease in the mean corpuscular value and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin and significant increase in red blood cells count. On the other hand, co-treatment with MO seed oil efficiency improved sofo-induced nephrotoxicity which was evident from the disappearance of most of the ultrastructural changes and improving SOD activity and GSH level. Conclusions: Moringa oleifera seed oil may improve the ultrastructural and biochemical changes associated with nephrotoxicity induced by sofo due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory constituents.

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Background: Orlistat is one of the common medicines in treating overweight, and its use may cause several side effects. Curcumin, a yellow phenolic compound isolated from Curcuma longa's rhizome, possesses several pharmaceutical effects due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Aim: This work aimed to test the possible protective effect of curcumin against orlistat-induced hepatorenal and cerebellar toxicities in obese albino rats. Material and Methods: Forty adult male albino rats were equally separated into four groups; Group I: the control group. Group II: curcumin group; Group III: orlistat group. Group IV, rats were given orlistat ((32mg/kg/day)) then curcumin (200mg/kg body weight three times per week for six weeks). Results: In the liver of rats treated with orlistat, the hepatic cells appeared with degenerated cytoplasm containing many vacuoles and darkly stained nuclei. similarly, some glomeruli in the kidney were atrophic or fractured, the cerebellar cortex is spongiosis, and the Purkinje cells, granule, and molecular cells were degenerated. When rats were treated with orlistat and curcumin, the liver, kidney, and cerebellar the histopathological changes were relatively recovered to the control ones. The number of Kupffer cells, glomerular diameter, Bowman's space width, and the dimensions of the renal tubules significantly decreased, and the epithelial height retrains normal as compared to orlistat treated rats. The levels of MDA, dopamine, and glutamate significantly decreased, and the activity of SOD significantly increased. The rising in PCNA and Bcl2 expression after orlistat is significantly decreased in the studied organs after curcumin treatment. Conclusion: This study concluded that curcumin may have a potential role in improving hepatorenal and cerebellar toxicities after orlistat treatment.