Objective. People have the intuition that hunger undermines social cooperation, but experimental tests of this have often produced null results. One possible explanation is that the experimental tasks used are not rich enough to capture the diverse pathways by which social cooperation can be sustained or break down in real life. We studied the effects of hunger on cooperation in two tasks of differential interaction richness. Methods. We manipulated hunger by asking participants to eat, or refrain from eating, breakfast. Participants in experiment 1 (n = 106) played a one-shot Ultimatum Game. Participants in experiment 2 (n = 264) played twenty rounds of a Public Goods Game in the same groups of four, ten rounds with the possibility of punishing other group members, and ten without. Results. In experiment 1, skipping breakfast had no significant effects on either amounts proposed or minimum acceptable offers. In experiment 2, there were multiple different significant effects of the manipulation. No-breakfast participants were more generous in the first round of the game without punishment, and in subsequent rounds, were more influenced by what other group members had done the round before. In the punishment game, no-breakfast participants were also less likely to punish their group-mates than breakfast participants. Consequently, the possibility of punishment was less effective in increasing group cooperation levels in no-breakfast groups. Conclusion. Replicating earlier findings, we found a null effect of hunger on cooperation in a one-shot Ultimatum Game. However, in our richer Public Goods Game, the dynamics of cooperation differed with hunger, in subtle ways not simply classifiable as hungry participants being ‘more’ or ‘less’ cooperative overall.
Objective People have the intuition that hunger undermines social cooperation, but experimental tests of this have often produced null results. One possible explanation is that the experimental tasks used are not rich enough to capture the diverse pathways by which social cooperation can be sustained or break down in real life. We studied the effects of hunger on cooperation in two tasks of differential interaction richness. Methods We manipulated hunger by asking participants to eat, or refrain from eating, breakfast. Participants in experiment 1 (n = 106) played a one-shot Ultimatum Game. Participants in experiment 2 (n = 264) played twenty rounds of a Public Goods Game in the same groups of four, ten rounds with the possibility of punishing other group members, and ten without. Results In experiment 1, skipping breakfast had no significant effects on either amounts proposed or minimum acceptable offers. In experiment 2, there were multiple different significant effects of the manipulation. No-breakfast participants were more generous in the first round of the game without punishment, and in subsequent rounds, were more influenced by what other group members had done the round before. In the punishment game, no-breakfast participants were also less likely to punish their group-mates than breakfast participants. Consequently, the possibility of punishment was less effective in increasing group cooperation levels in no-breakfast groups. Conclusion Replicating earlier findings, we found a null effect of hunger on cooperation in a one-shot Ultimatum Game. However, in our richer Public Goods Game, the dynamics of cooperation differed with hunger, in subtle ways not simply classifiable as hungry participants being 'more' or 'less' cooperative overall.
AimsTo promote the Royal College's core principles of sustainable psychiatry, Junior Doctors at Ayrshire Central Hospital formed the Sustainability and Well-being Committee. The principle aim through 2022, following the COVID-19 pandemic, was to maximise junior well-being - knowing a sustainable workforce is one that feels supported and fulfilled by work and working conditions.MethodsThrough meetings with junior doctors, qualitative information on factors impacting well-being in the work place was gathered, and three targets for improvement were identified.The following domains and interventions were implemented: 1.Improve working environment: The doctor's office was sized for 2 staff maximum - despite staffing levels consistently in excess of 20 junior doctors. Additionally, there was no natural light. We obtained a new significantly larger office space, with natural light.2.Comfort break area – Doctors identified that having an area with comfort seating to take breaks and socialise away from patients and visitors would be beneficial. We obtained a seating area and a coffee machine, maintained by the junior doctors.3.Access technology – Absence of desktops and IT issues with older laptops was impairing productivity and morale. We obtained 4 new desktop computers, and personal laptops for core trainees.A digital questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data retrospectively, from doctors currently working in the department, or who had done so in the last 6 months.Likert scales were used to assess pre and post-intervention levels of well-being, and ranking intervention impact on this. Doctors also identified future areas of intervention going forward into 2023.ResultsA total of 16 responses were obtained, and 100% of these agreed that feeling supported and good working conditions was important to maintaining wellness and productivity. Pre-intervention average wellness was rated 5.2 (with 1 being extremely poor, and 10 being extremely good), this increased to 8.1 post-intervention. Improved working environment had the most significant impact on well-being.Respondents identified environmental sustainability as target for improvement in 2023, potentially through improved recycling, reducing meat consumption and car sharing. Further well-being interventions e.g., walks, promotion of Balint group and social events were also suggested.ConclusionInterventions from the trainee-led Sustainability and Well-being Committee through 2022 improved working environment and subjective well-being. This demonstrates that junior staff can successfully initiate and lead projects to promote and improve sustainability in psychiatry. Results indicate that junior staff are willing to actively participate in interventions to improve well-being, and environmental sustainability in 2023.
A 2D numerical stress modelling study was conducted for the Tirrawarra-Gooranie oil and gas field in the Cooper Basin, which produces from a mixture of conventional and non-conventional (deep coal) reservoirs. The aim of this study is to understand the current state of stress, both magnitudes and orientation, within the zones of interest. A high confidence 3D structural framework was used as a key input to the model, which sought to demonstrate how the in-situ stress is distributed or perturbed throughout the field. The understanding of the current stress state at borehole scale can assist with the prediction of natural fractures or structural permeability, fracture stimulation design and placement, and production performance. Extensive sensitivity studies were conducted, with the most important inputs found to be boundary stress magnitudes and stress orientation with respect to the faults. The models were interrogated at both the primary coal target and the underlying sandstone horizons. They were found to have significantly different stress states. The output models were compared against production data, 1D mechanical earth models, fracture stimulation data, image logs and core data. The model predictions are in reasonable agreement with the mechanical earth models and the stress orientations determined from the image logs. Predicted stress rotations greater than 4° from the regional stress direction appear to be associated with poorer frac placement, higher bottom hole treating pressures and poor gas rate outcomes. There is a clear association of mineralised natural fractures with areas of low differential stress. The models provide an additional element of subsurface information which will inform future appraisal activities and may improve the understanding of variability in the deep coal fracture stimulation outcomes.
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