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Background The X-chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphisms are a particular tool in the fields of human population genetics and personal identification. It was necessary in investigating complex kinship or deficiency cases in conditions where information on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or Y chromosome polymorphisms have been used to explore their direct paternal line. This study aimed to investigate the allele frequency of (12X-STR) of 200 unrelated males from different region of Baghdad City to serve as a reference data base for individual identification in Iraqi population. Results Twelve X-STR loci (DXS7424, HPRTB, DXS8377, GATA31E08, DXS7423, DXS8378, DXS9895, DXS10074, DXS6809, DXS7133, DXS101, DXS6807) were successfully amplified by multiplex PCR and divided into four groups. According to measures of allele frequency, the higher alleles frequency were 16, 11, 46, 11, 14, 10, 15, 15.2, 35, 11, 25, and 11 while the lowest alleles frequency were 11, 9, 52,53, 7, 17, 14, 13, 12.2,17, 36, 15, 16, 22, 29, and 17 that observed at the 12 loci respectively. Forensic efficiency parameter for DXS8377 locus in the first group showed highest polymorphic allele in the Iraqi Arab population with the frequencies ranging from 0.005 to 0.16%. The power of discrimination (PD) value ranged from 0.663 for DXS7423 locus and 0.9066 for DXS8377 locus. In addition, the polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.602974 for DXS7423 locus to 0.899206 for DXS8377 locus. Conclusions Overall the X-STR markers become used as an important source of information beside the autosomal and Y-STR markers, especially for kinship testing and haplotype analysis.

Background Drug response is below genetic influence, proven by the genetic variants. Pharmacogenetics trials are performed in many diseases, including coronary artery disease. This study was designed to determine the genetic polymorphism (rs676210) Pro2739leu G > A in the lipid metabolism-related gene (ApoB gene) and its pharmacogenetic role in the response to atorvastatin drug in a sample of Iraqi population with coronary artery disease (CAD). Results Significant differences of genotype distribution in CAD patients and controls were observed in ApoB+ 8216 in Iraqi population from Hardy Weinberg Analysis. It also found that dramatic difference of low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) level in response to 40 mg/day of atorvastatin therapy, the minor allele (A) observed a greater LDL-C lowering than the wild type allele (G). In ANOVA analysis, the result showed that the rs676210, Pro2739Leu, in ApoB gene increased non significantly, but gradually in plasma level of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and oxidize low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in the order of genotype AA, GA, and GG in response to 40 mg atorvastatin. Conclusion We found the results highlighted the function of the rs676210, Pro2739Leu, in the ApoB gene in CAD etiology, and the findings support this variant’s impact in predicting the response of (LDL-C) to 40 mg of atorvastatin therapy. ApoB gene polymorphism (rs676210, Pro2739Leu), specifically the AA genotype, may help to identify individuals who will profit from atorvastatin's lowering effects.

The role of metabolic genes for glutathione S-transferase (gstm1, gstt1) and P53 exon-7 and 8 as risk factors for bladder cancer in Iraqi patients was studied. Thirty five samples from patients attended the Nuclear Medicine Hospital in Baghdad plus fifty samples from apparently healthy individuals were included in the study. DNA extraction was performed using proteinase K/ SDS method PCR techniques were followed to amplify the gene using specific primers for detection of gstm1, gstt1 and albumin as internal control. Single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP techniques) for detection of point mutation in P53 exon-7 and 8 were used. Genetic analysis showed that gstm1 null genotype was statistically associated with bladder cancer (14.29%), this association was strengthened when both gstm1 and gstt1 alleles were absent (28.5%). For detection of the point mutations in P53 exon-7 and 8 Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (PCR-SSCP ) have revealed that there was high association between exon-7 mutations and incidence of bladder cancer (42.86%), while the association between exon-8 mutations and bladder cancer was low (14.28%). In case of combination between exon-7 and 8 mutations, the association was also low (11.42%). Mutations in gstm1 and exon-7 being associated together are more than with exon-8 mutations. The number of mutations in P53 gene was more in patients with combined genotype of gstm1 deletion and null genotypes

Objectives: to assess the possible association between Angiopoietin-2 (ANGT-2) and the risk of recurrent implantation failure and to determine the possible role of it in the successfulness of in vitro fertilization process. Methods: A case control study was done on 80 female patients with Recurrent Implantation Failure (RIF) and 23 female patients with successful in-vitro fertilization (IVF) who were recruited from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Al Imamain Al-Kadhimain Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq between January and September 2019. The levels of ANGT-2 were measured in the serum of women with RIF and successful IVF and compared with those with a positive IVF and control group that comprise 74 age, BMI and sex-matched apparently healthy females. Results: The data revealed that there was a significant (p=0.007) decrease in ANGPT2 levels (2914.66±834.08) in women with recurrent implantation failure (RIF) in a comparison with controls (3235.83 ±444.16) whereas non-significant (p>0.05) differences were obtained between women with a successful in vitro fertilization (+ve IVF) and controls and also with RIF group. Conclusions: the possible association between ANGT-2 and the risk of RIF and the possibility of using it as a marker for a prognosis in women subjected to IVF process

The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene in humans has an insertion-deletion (I/D) polymorphic which produce three allelic variants: II, ID & DD that associated with population relativity and relation with many genetic disease. The polymorphisms of ACE gene were investigated using polymerase chain reaction. The results showed a high frequency of the DD allele among the Iraqi Arab populations (50%), which is similar to those obtained from previous studies for Arab populations. More ever the distribution of ACE genotype among male and female (n= 100, 53male & 47 female) showed DD: 47.17%, II: 22.6% & ID: 30.19% in the male group and DD: 40.43%, II: 17.02% & ID42.55:% in the female group. Significant association of hypertension & diabetic with D allele of the ACE gene has been in Iraqi Arab population

X-chromosomal short tandem repeats (X-STRs) have proven to be informative and particular role in complex relationship testing. In this present study demonstrates and investigate the allele frequency and forensic efficiency parameters for 200 healthy unrelated Arabic, Iraqi males for the microsatellite marker DXS10074 this marker located within a 280-kb region at Xq12 and provide stable allele useful for forensic application.