<p class="icsmabstract">Los sistemas de producción han evolucionado los últimos años gracias a avances tecnológicos recientes e innovaciones en el proceso de manufactura. El termino Industria 4.0 se ha convertido en prioridad y objeto de estudio para empresas, centros de investigación y universidades, sin existir un consenso generalmente aceptado del término. Como resultado es difícil diseñar e implementar soluciones de Industria 4.0 a nivel académico, científico o empresarial. La contribución de este documento se centra en proporcionar un análisis del significado e implicaciones de Industria 4.0 y exponer de forma detallada 17 principios de diseño fundamentales obtenidos a través de un estudio de mapeo sistemático. Estos principios son eficiencia, integración, flexibilidad, descentralización, personalización, virtualización, seguridad, es holística, orientada a servicios, ubicua, colaborativa, modular, robusta, utiliza información en tiempo real, toma decisiones optimizadas por datos, equilibra la vida laboral y es autónoma e inteligente. A través de estos principios, ingenieros e investigadores están capacitados para investigar e implementar escenarios apropiados de Industria 4.0.</p>
El problema de asignación del buffer (BAP, por sus siglas en inglés) es clasificado como un problema de optimización combinatorio NP-Duro en el diseño de las líneas de producción. Éste consiste en definir la asignación de lugares de almacenamiento (buffers) dentro de una línea de producción, con el fin de aumentar al máximo la eficiencia del proceso. Los métodos de optimización que han sido reportados con mayor éxito en los últimos años son las técnicas metaheurísticas. En este trabajo, se propone un enfoque híbrido que utiliza las técnicas metaheurísticas de: Algoritmos Genéticos (AG) y Recocido Simulado (RS), con el objetivo de determinar los buffers requeridos que minimicen el promedio de inventario en proceso (<em>WIP</em>, por sus siglas en inglés) en líneas de producción abiertas en serie <em>M/M/1/K</em>. La evaluación se realiza con un método analítico de descomposición. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la eficiencia computacional del algoritmo híbrido propuesto con respecto a un RS o AG estándar.
Se analizan las ventas del área de telefonía de una tienda departamental con enfoque de redes complejas. Con las medidas de centralidad y la formación de comunidades, se muestra el ordenamiento de las compras y se cuantifica la relevancia de cada producto. Las ventas se ordenan formando comunidades alrededor de los chips de las compañías telefónicas, en cada caso los teléfonos celulares son los artículos relevantes de cada comunidad. Palabras clave: análisis de la cesta de la compra / redes complejas / teléfonos celulares / ventas SALES ANALYSIS USING COMPLEX NETWORKS: COMMUNITIES AND CENTRALITY OF ITEMS ABSTRACT: Sales in the cell phone and accessories area of a department store are analyzed with a complex network approach. Using measures of centrality and item grouping (communities), purchase ordering is shown, and the importance of each product is quantified. Sales are ordered by forming 'communities' around the cell phone chips. Based on the results, it can be concluded that cell phones are the most significant items of each community.
The Hoist Scheduling Problem is combinatory, so tools such as mathematical programming need to be used to get the sequence of movements, respecting the constraints of the process by minimizing the cycle time. A sequence in which the order of movements follows the order of the process is known as the basic diagram. These schedules do not have any clearance for the hoist to make any other movements, resulting in a loss in productivity. This chapter takes the production line of a Mexican factory as a case study, analyzing the hoist's travelling speed to find sequences of movements that could improve productivity. The results of the study indicate that the cycle time has a nonlinear behavior in respect of the hoist's travelling speed and it was determined that there are travelling speeds for which sequences are obtained with enough clearance to make other movements and keep other carriers on the line. A suitable speed was estimated in the case.
At the 2014 International Transport Forum, it was established that ports, border crossings and key industrial centers in Mexico are well connected. Under this premise, the Mexican rail network was analyzed applying the complex networks approach; through the corresponding performance measures, the relevance of the stations was determined; then the robustness against targeted attacks and against random failures was analyzed. The degree follows an exponential probability distribution; it was identified a set of nodes that controls 19% of the shortest routes; two cities are included in the set; five points are closest to the rest of nodes; the same two cities are also included in the set. Through the closeness centrality we observed that in the Mexican network the distance between the stations shows low variability. The network is sensitive attacks directed to the nodes with the highest betweenness value; the number of components increases faster compared to random failures. This work is of interest to those responsible for the management and planning of transport systems.
Today managers of health systems must manage the resources at their disposal to ensure that service quality is adequate, this leads at the same time making decisions to ensure that these resources are managed efficiently and effectively. The decision process in healthcare systems is not trivial given the complexity of these systems. The application of tools (like queueing theory) for decision making in hospital systems is an area of opportunity because of the increasing financial pressure and the growing demand for care. This document shows how queueing theory can be applied for analyzing the performance of an Emergency Unit under different capacity scenarios. The analysis shows that increasing the number of servers required to maintain constant congestion(emphasis on efficiency)is more expensive than adding servers to maintain constant the probability that a patient has to wait (emphasis on quality and efficiency). The paper ends with recommendations for future research.
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