Infection by bacteria is one of the main problems in health. The use of commercial antibiotics is still one of the treatments to overcome these problems. However, high levels of consumption lead to antibiotic resistance. Several types of antibiotics have been reported to experience resistance. One solution that can be given is the use of natural antibacterial products. There have been many studies reporting the potential antibacterial activity of the Ocimum plant. Ocimum is known to be one of the medicinal plants that have been used traditionally by local people. This plant contains components of secondary metabolites such as phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Therefore, in this paper, we will discuss five types of Ocimum species, namely O. americanum, O. basilicum, O. gratissimum, O. campechianum, and O. sanctum. The five species are known to contain many chemical constituents and have good antibacterial activity against several pathogenic bacteria.
Nothaphoebe coriacea (in Kalimantan, Indonesia, commonly known as gemor) is a native wetland-plants that can grow well in swampy areas. This tree is distributed throughout South and Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The bark of Nothaphoebe coriacea is used for bioactive compound source for larvacide, mosquito repellent, hio and glue. The objective of this research was to investigate the ultrasound-assisted extraction methods for the extraction of antioxidants compounds of Nothaphoebe coriacea. The barks were subjected to ultrasound‐assisted ethanolic and hexane extraction followed by fractionation (using ethyl acetate, chloroform, and hexane) and the antioxidant activity test was performed. The activity of antioxidant was carried out through a DPPH method. The highest antioxidant activities are shown in ethanol extract with IC50 value of 72.36 μg/mL and chloroform fraction of ethanol extract with IC50 value of 54.18 μg/mL.
Background: Streptococcus mutans is one of the bacteria which contributes to biofilm formation and causes dental caries. The inhibition of SrtA, gbpC, and Ag I/II is a promising target to be developed as an antibacterial. Ocimum bacilicum is known to have antibacterial activity. Aim and Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential nevadensin as antibacterial against S. mutans. Methods: Antibacterial analysis was carried out by disc diffusion and micro-dilution methods and the in-silico study was performed with ligand-protein docking. Results: The result showed that the MIC and MBC values of nevadensin are 900 and 7200 µg/mL, respectively. The binding energy of nevadensin to SrtA, gbpC, and Ag I/II were -4.53, 8.37, -6.12 kcal/mol, respectively. Conclusion: Nevadensin shows moderate activity as an antibacterial against S. mutans. Meanwhile, in silico studies showed it has the same binding strength as chlorhexidine in inhibiting SrtA, whereas to gbpC and Ag I/II, it has a weaker binding affinity. Therefore, nevadensin has the potential as natural antibacterial against S. mutans by inhibiting SrtA.
The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a disease that has mild to severe effects on patients, which can even lead to death. One of the enzymes that act as DNA replication is the main protease, which becomes the main target in the inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In finding effective drugs against this virus, Ocimum basilicum is a potential herbal plant because it has been tested to have high phytochemical content and bioactivity. Apigenin-7-glucuronide, dihydrokaempferol-3-glucoside, and aesculetin are polyphenolic compounds found in Ocimum basilicum. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the mechanism of inhibition of the three polyphenolic compounds in Ocimum basilicum against the main protease and to predict pharmacokinetic activity and the drug-likeness of a compound using the Lipinski Rule of Five. Patients and Methods: The method used is to predict the molecular docking inhibition mechanism using Autodock 4.0 tools and use pkcsm and protox online web server to analyze ADMET and Drug-likeness. Results:The binding affinity for apigenin-7-glucuronide was −8.77 Kcal/mol, dihydrokaempferol-3-glucoside was −8.96 Kcal/mol, and aesculetin was −5.79 Kcal/mol. Then, the inhibition constant values were 375.81 nM, 270.09 nM, and 57.11 µM, respectively. Apigenin-7-glucuronide and dihydrokaempferol-3-glucoside bind to the main protease enzymes on the active sites of CYS145 and HIS41, while aesculetin only binds to the active sites of CYS145. On ADMET analysis, these three compounds met the predicted pharmacokinetic parameters, although there are some specific parameters that must be considered especially for aesculetin compounds. Meanwhile, on drug-likeness analysis, apigenin-7-glucuronide and dihydrokaempferol-3-glucoside compounds have one violation and aesculetin have no violation. Conclusion: Based on the data obtained, Apigenin-7-glucuronide and dihydrokaempferol-3-glucoside are compounds that have more potential to have an antiviral effect on the main protease enzyme than aesculetin. Based on pharmacokinetic parameters and druglikeness, three compounds can be used as lead compounds for further research.
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