MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles as significant biomarkers in disease diagnostics. Here, an electrochemical biosensor was developed for the quick, sensitive, and specific detection of miRNAs from humanserum samples using three-dimensional (3D) DNA tetrahedron-structured probes (TSPs) and duplex-specific nuclease (DSN). The designed TSPs were composed of a recognition sequence that corresponded to a target miRNA and a Gquadruplex sequence that was combined with hemin to mimic the biocatalytic functions for H 2 O 2 reduction and L-cysteine oxidation. After hybridization with miRNA, the TSPs were immobilized on the Au electrode to shape the DNA−RNA double strands, which could be discriminated by DSN for hydrolysis of the DNA in the heteroduplexes to generate significant change in the reduction currents. Under optimal conditions, the biosensor showed a wide linear response ranging from 0.1 fM to 0.1 pM, with a low detection limit of 0.04 fM. Meanwhile, the method showed acceptable accuracy and precision for the determination of miRNAs in serum after a series of assessments.
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a known endocrine disruptor employed in a range of consumer products and has been predominantly found in different environments through industrial processes and in human samples. In this review, we aimed to summarize published scientific evidence on human biomonitoring, toxic effects and mode of action of TBBPA in humans. Interestingly, an overview of various pretreatment methods, emerging detection methods, and treatment methods was elucidated. Studies on exposure routes in humans, a combination of detection methods, adsorbent-based treatments and degradation of TBBPA are in the preliminary phase and have several limitations. Therefore, in-depth studies on these subjects should be considered to enhance the accurate body load of non-invasive matrix, external exposure levels, optimal design of combined detection techniques, and degrading technology of TBBPA. Overall, this review will improve the scientific comprehension of TBBPA in humans as well as the environment, and the breakthrough for treating waste products containing TBBPA.
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