The aim of this study was to produce a sustainable construction material by incorporating an agricultural solid waste, namely oil palm shell (OPS), in an artificial lightweight aggregate concrete. For this purpose, in a structural lightweight aggregate concrete made of expanded clay, the lightweight aggregate was substituted with OPS in 0, 25 and 50% by volume. Properties such as compressive strength under different curing conditions, as well as density, splitting tensile and flexural strengths, modulus of elasticity and drying shrinkage of expanded clay-OPS concretes were measured and discussed. The test results showed that partial substitution of expanded clay by OPS increased the density, compressive strength, specific strength (compressive strength to weight ratio), as well as splitting tensile and flexural strengths of lightweight concrete. However, it was observed that the modulus of elasticity decreased by about 4 and 13% in the 25 and 50% substitution levels, respectively. The expanded clay-OPS concretes showed greater drying shrinkage strain compared to expanded clay lightweight concrete. In addition, it was found that the sensitivity of compressive strength of concretes containing OPS to the lack of curing is due to high drying shrinkage and consequently micro-cracks formation in the interfacial transaction zone of the concretes.
Abstract. Nowadays, one of the most important construction materials is concrete. By the advances of the industries in the urban areas, concrete is considered as one of the highest demands. As a result, the large amount of unprocessed materials is needed for making concrete. In the meantime, the agricultural wastes and solid material disposal are giving serious damages to the environment. As a result, by employing the agricultural wastes as a cementitious material, the undesirable impacts of the concrete industry to the environment will be dramatically decreased. That's because the source of these newly developed concretes is both reliable and environmental friendly. In this study, the utilization of agricultural wastes as a complementary cementitious material for producing the concrete is explained. In addition, it discusses the possibility of deploying the agricultural wastes by considering their engineering, physical and chemical properties. In addition, the successful use of agricultural wastes from oil palm industry such as oil palm shell, palm oil fuel ash and palm oil fibre in the concrete mixture was reported.
Building Information and Modelling (BIM) is a technology that allows Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) professionals to digitally design, test, construct and manage the infrastructure. BIM in construction projects has not been fully implemented, due to lack of effective strategy in the implementation of BIM. AEC industries struggles to implement BIM because of the absence of a Real-World BIM sample and BIM framework. This research aims to navigate AEC professionals to implement BIM with respect to structural discipline and this paper will also help to understand the coordination between other disciplines where one discipline model is superimposed on another discipline model. This paper will also help to understand different global BIM standards and the most efficient and effective BIM tools used all over the world. AEC professionals need assistance in the form of a framework which would provide a road map to process and implement BIM. Thus, the framework provided in the paper expected to increase BIM implementation and eventually widen the usage of BIM.
This research has been conducted to investigate the compressive strength of Flemish bond spent copper slag masonry wall. The spent copper slag was taken from a shipyard and repair company in Pasir Gudang, Johor, Malaysia. In total three (3) sets of brick wall were built based on different percentage of spent copper slag replacement in bricks. The first set was arranged with 0% spent copper slag replacement bricks. It is used as the control set. The rest 2 sets were prepared by replacing 20% and 30% of sand in the bricks with spent copper slag. These bricks and walls were undergone physical tests such as compressive test, moisture content, density and leaching tests to satisfy the minimum requirement of a standard brick.
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