m' phones in both English and Cook Islands Māori have similar spectral cues, so the English model's idea of an 'm' can also find 'm's in the Cook Islands Māori data. Many of the phones are not similar. For example, the glottal stop of Cook Islands Māori /ʔ/ has no direct equivalent in American English, French, Spanish, or other European languages with available models. However, the phones that are not available in English can be approximated. For example, the /ʔ/ stops the air flow like /t/ and /k/ do, and these similarities have been exploited to detect /ʔ/ in languages such as Triqui (DiCanio et al. 2013). These transformations allow for the use of an existing model with audio from another language, and because the model has not been explicitly trained on data from the Indigenous language, we say that this method is untrained forced alignment.This untrained method has been fruitfully applied to languages such as Triqui from Mexico (DiCanio et al.
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