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BACKGROUND: Ischemia reperfusion causes injury to the liver cells during transplantation, trauma and emergency surgery. We investigated whether the anti TNF-α agent, etanercept, can reduce injury in an animal model of ischemia reperfusion owing to the fact that TNF-α plays a critical role in the process of infl ammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty rats were divided into three groups: sham (Group 1), control (Group 2), etanercept (5 mg/kg) treatment (Group 3). Ischemia-reperfusion model was carried out by clamping the hepatic pedicle for 45 min and then reperfusing the liver for 60 min. Etanercept (5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 5 min prior to reperfusion. At the end of the procedures, blood and liver tissue samples were obtained for biochemical and histopathological assessment. RESULTS: Control and treatment groups showed signifi cant differences in hepatic function tests, plasma and tissue oxidative stress parameters. Samples in the control group histopathologically showed morphologic abnormalities specifi c to ischemia reperfusion. Histomorphologic fi ndings in the treatment groups showed similar features as the sham group. CONCLUSIONS: Our evidence suggests that TNF-α plays a key role in liver ischemia reperfusion injury and etanercept may provide a novel therapeutic approach for patients undergoing liver surgical procedure (Tab. 3, Fig. 4, Ref. 22). Text in PDF www.elis.sk. A, Offi dani A. The effect of etanercept on hepatic fi brosis risk in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, and psoriasis. J Gastroenterol 2012 (10). Tian Y, Jochum W, Georgiev P, Moritz W, Graf R, Clavien PA.Kupffer cell-dependent TNF-alpha signaling mediates injury in the arterialized small-for-size liver transplantation in the mouse.

PURPOSE:To investigate the effect of silymarin on oxidative stress and hepatic injury induced by obstructive jaundice in an experimental model. METHODS:Thirty Wistar-Albino type female rats were divided into 3 groups each including 10 rats. Only laparotomy was performed in group 1. Bile duct ligation was performed in group 2. In group 3, bile duct ligation was performed and orogastic silymarin 300 mg/ kg/day dose was given for seven days. At the end of seven days, rats were sacrificed. The blood and liver tissue samples were taken to be examined biochemically and histopathologically. RESULTS:The plasma and liver levels of malondialdehyde were significantly lower in silymarin group than in the bile duct ligated group. Although liver levels of GSH were significantly higher in silymarin group than in the bile duct ligated group, there was no significant difference between the plasma GSH levels of these groups. In silymarin group; the enlargement of hepatocytes, dilatation of canaliculi and the edema were regressed. CONCLUSION:Silymarin diminished the harmful effects of obstructive jaundice on liver.

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OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect and mechanism of action of artichoke leaf extract in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury.METHODS: Rats were divided into three groups such as sham, control, and artichoke leaf extract groups. Antioxidant enzyme activities and biochemical parameters were examined from the tissue and serum obtained from the subjects. Histopathological findings were scored semiquantitatively.RESULTS: Statistically, the antioxidant activity was highest in the artichoke leaf extract group, the difference in biochemical parameters and C-reactive protein was significant compared with the control group, and the histopathological positive effects were found to be significantly higher.CONCLUSIONS: As a result, artichoke leaf extract had a hepatoprotective effect and that this effect was related to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of artichoke.

Background: The study aims to reveal the effect of 2100 MHz radio frequency radiation on thyroid tissues of the rats in early and late groups. Material and Method: In this study, 30 healthy female Wistar albino rats, weighting 200 to 256 g each were used. The animals were randomly divided into four groups (groups E1, E2, G1, G2). Groups E2 and G2 served as the control groups. The exposure groups were exposed to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation emitted by a generator, simulating a 3G-mobile phone for 6 hours /day, 5 consecutive days/ week, at the same time of the day (between 9 am-3pm), for 10 days (group E1) and 40 days (group G1). Results: Catalase and xanthine oxidase enzyme activities were compared between the groups E1 and E2, it was found that the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). Between the groups G-1 and G-2 the difference was found to be significant with respect to catalase activities. The early and late groups tissue samples showed no serious pathological findings in the histopathological examination. Conclusion: We believe that comprehensive, clinical and experimental studies, are needed to assess how effective the RF exposure duration and dosage of exposure on thyroid tissues.

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Objective: To evaluate the expression of papillary thyroid carcinoma-associated tumor markers in reactive and dysplastic changes showing papillary thyroid carcinoma-like nuclear features in chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis cases. Material and Method:In this study, we retrospectively analyzed 84 cases diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis based on the analysis of thyroidectomy specimens in our center over the last five years. We classified them as normal, reactive and dysplastic changes and performed an immunohistochemical analysis using HBME-1, Galectin-3, Cytokeratin 19, and Cyclin D1. Results: The mean age of the patients was 45.5 years, and 68 were female and 16 were male. According to the morphological features, 42.9% of the were classified to have normal morphology, 44.0% reactive atypia, and 13.1% follicular epithelial dysplasia (FED). Of the chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis cases, 42.9% were associated with malignancy, with the most common accompanying malignancy being papillary thyroid cancer (36.9%). Immunohistochemically: for HBME-1, FED (72.7%) was higher (p<0.05) than normal and reactive atypia (0.0%); for Galectin-3, FED (63.6%) was higher (p<0.05) than normal and reactive atypia (0.0%); for Cytokeratin 19, Reactive atypia (75.7%) and FED (90.9%) were higher than normal (44.4%); and for Cyclin-D1, Reactive atypia (62.2%) and FED (81.8%) were higher than normal (33.3%). Conclusions: We consider that reactive and dysplastic changes including papillary thyroid carcinoma-like nuclear changes may support preneoplastic changes in terms of morphology and immunoprofile in chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis cases.