Background: pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is one of the most global dangerous infectious diseases worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the most infectious agent that caused PTB transferred by air droplets from one person to other. In the present epidemiological study, we aimed to record the total numbers and percentages of patients infected with PTB caused by Mtb during 12 months in AL-Najaf Governorate, Iraq.    Methods: This study has been done in 2019 from January to the end of December in the north and south region of AL-Najaf Governorate, Iraq. Sputum of PTB-patients has been stained by Ziehl–Neelsen to Mtb diagnosis according to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation. Results: We recorded 174 PTB-patients in AL-Najaf Governorate 2019; 89 male and 85 female; 101 and 73 in the north and south sections respectively. The age group 16-24 was the highest infected. Quarter two recorded the highest numbers of PTB-patients; 33 (60%) in the north section and 22 (40%) in the south section. Conclusion: There was low PTB incidence in AL-Najaf Governorate 2019 but the Youngers were the most susceptible to infection. Infection in the north section was higher than in the south section and there were no high differences between genders. Seasons have no high effect on the number of infections.

The aim of the current study was to epidemiological detection of patients infected with scabies caused by Sarcoptes scabiei during the period from March 2017 to February 2018 in Iraq, Al-Najaf Governorate.A total of 1112 patients were infected with scabies, 602 (54.1%) were men and 501 (45.9%) were female and 419 patients (37.7%) were lived in urban areas and 693 patients (62.3%) were lived in rural areas. Age group 31-40 y old was the most prevalent group (379 patients, 34%) infected with scabies. February 2018 was the highest month in infection (187 patients, 16.8%) and May 2017 was the lowest month in infection (25 patients, 2.2%). In conclusions: In Iraq, there are high numbers of individuals infected with scabies without any health care especially in rural areas. Scabies is more prevalent in cold and warmth seasons in males as well as females among age group 30-40 y old. Therefore, scabies is still an important health problem in Iraq as a neglected disease.

The study conducted on 400 aborted women and 30 healthy women as control groups. All these cases were defined as suspected with Toxoplasma gondii and examined by measuring IgG & IgM serum level when attended to Public Health Laboratory, in An-Najaf province from November 2015 to May 2016.seventy eight out of 400 (19.5 %) women were found infected with T. gondii by this test, only 23 positive samples were used in polymerase chain reaction – restriction fragment length polymorphism for detection genotypes of T. gondii strains By use three restriction enzymes MseI to nested PCR products GRA6 and BsiE1 & TaqI to nested PCR BTUB products, to detected strain types of Toxoplasma gondii. The results are : 13 of type I (60%), 6 of type II (25 %), and 4 of type III (15%). This can provide possible additional studies of high importance, as they will provide better understanding of the different strains of parasite genotypes is present in samples and how different genotypes are circulating nature. All the evidence provided might be helpful for showing the association between strains type of T. gondii and toxoplasmosis in infected women and aid in providing preventive actions.

Background: Intestinal E. vermicularis worm infection is asymptomatic and endemic in Iraq, but it can cause appendicitis; symptoms vary depending on the stage of the gastrointestinal disease. The E. vermicularis worm has caused several cases of appendicitis. Objective: This study aimed to find out how common E. vermicularis was in appendectomy samples and whether it played a role in appendicitis development. Patients and Methods: Just 30 (3.15 %) of the 950 surgical specimens removed from patients with clinical appendicitis tested positive for E. vermicularis worms. Two ml blood was drawn from positive samples to measure cytokines (prostaglandin two and Transforming growth factor-beta 1), with 30 healthy people serving as a control group. From January to August 2019, all samples were taken from patients who visited AL-Zahra maternity and paediatrics and AL-Hakeem hospital in AL-Najaf province. Patients' appendixes were biopsies, stained with eosin hematoxylin, and microscopically diagnosed. Results: The findings of this study showed a substantial increase (P0.05) in serum levels of PGE2 and TGF-1β as compared to the control group, as well as a histological spectrum of appendicitis associated with a large number of E. vermicularis eggs, the lymphoid follicle reactive germinal center, prominent eosinophilic infiltration. Conclusion: Based on this research's findings, we believe that E. vermicularis worm infection can cause appendicitis and an immune response manifested by elevated PGE2 and TGF-1β levels in the blood.

The current study is trying to identify some effects of scabies on some vital indicators such as (ECP, IgE, MCP-1 and IL-17). The results showed that levels of ECP has significant increase (P<0.05 (9569.3 ±256.10 pg /ml), (9872.9± 260.50) respectively in comparison with the control group (7665.2 ± 385.72 pg /ml), (7834.1± 251.43 pg /ml) respectively, The result proved that there was the significant increase (P (9721.1 ±181.15 pg /ml), (7749.7± 226.75) respectively in concentration of (ECP) in patients with S. scabiei and total healthy individuals. The levels of IgE had significant increase (P (284.8 ±34.05 IU / ml), (249.85± 13.682 IU /ml) respectively in comparison with the control group (119.5 ± 11.24 IU /ml), (108.77± 8.3 IU /ml) respectively. The result indicate that there was significant increase (P (267.134 ±18. 334 IU /ml), (114.13± 6.94 IU /ml) respectively in concentration of (IgE) in total patients infected with S. scabiei and total control group. The levels of MCP-1 has significant increase (P (271.76 ±29. 88 pg /ml), (246.983± 27.57 pg /ml) respectively in comparison with the control group (153. 27 ± 21.071pg/ml), (154.67± 22.973 pg /ml) respectively, Also it revealed the significant increase (P (259.29±20. 22 pg /ml), (153. 97± 15.21 pg /ml) respectively in concentration of (MCP-1) in S. scabiei patients and total healthy individuals. IL-17 had significant increase (P (16.318 ±0. 71 pg /ml), (16.847± 0.58 pg /ml) respectively in comparison with the control group (5. 6009 ±0. 45 pg/ml), (5.2023± 0. 35 pg /ml) respectively. The current study shows that there was significant increase (P (16.583±0. 45pg /ml), (16.4016± 0.28 pg / ml) respectively in concentration of (IL-17) in total patients infected with S. scabiei and total healthy individuals. The levels of IL-2 had significant increase (P (21.14 ±0. 8081 pg /ml), (21.800± 1.0644 pg / ml) respectively in comparison with total healthy individuals (7. 447 ±0. 2422 pg/ml), (7.7235± 0. 1716 pg /ml) respectively, Also it revealed the significant increase (P (20.972±0. 6626pg /ml), (7.5853± 0.1480 pg /ml) respectively in concentration of (IL-2) in total patients infected with S. scabiei and total control group. Conclusions: the results indicate that infection of scabies influences on the human immunity represented by the ECP, IgE MCP-1 and IL-17 in patients infected with scabies and may be used as good biomarkers in detection of scabies.

Giardia is the most frequently reported intestinal parasite worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the ghrelin, melatonin, glucose and cholesterol concentration in male patients infected with Giardia lamblia. We enrolled 66 patients with Giardiasis and the control groups consisted of healthy subjects (n D 30). The results demonstrated that there was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in ghrelin levels, while the melatonin, glucose and cholesterol levels were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in giardiasis patients as compared to the healthy group. The obtained results suggest that ghrelin and melatonin could serve as biomarkers in patients infected with G. lamblia.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection in Al-Najaf province, Iraq, based on various risk variables for sex years. From October 2015 to March 2021, samples were collected from suspected patients in the AL-Hakeem hospital and AL-Zahra maternity and paediatrics clinics in AL-Najaf province; stool samples were collected into clean, wide-mouth specimen bottles from suspected patients, and freshly voided stool specimens were processed and examined microscopically for intestinal paralysis. The current investigation found that 44 out of 44 (9.77%) patients were infected after detecting cyst and trophozoite of G. lamblia. The infection rate is proportional to the size of the family. Children from tiny families had the lowest infection rate (18.3%/15/82) and 18.3% (15/82). (4 persons). The infection rate gradually increased as family size grew, reaching 83.3 percent (5/6) in children from big households (12 persons). Based on the chi-square test, it was discovered that family size is non-significantly (P > 0.05) connected with pinworm infection.

Since Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) only manifests as a trophozoite stage during sex, it is typically transmitted during sex as a trophozoite. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of copper, iron, and Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in vaginitis patients. Between July and November 2021, 355 suspected patients who visited the AL-Zahra maternity and pediatrics laboratory in the AL-Najaf region (Iraq) and 30 healthy respondents of the same age participated in the study. According to the manufacturer's instructions, the ELISA technique was used to measure the levels of three biomarkers in serum (copper, iron, and ECP). On the other hand, the colorimetric approach was used to measure the copper concentration. The investigation showed that in the blood sample of T. vaginalis-infected patients, the amounts of copper and iron considerably decreased (P > 0.05). In contrast, the serum levels of ECP considerably increased (P > 0.05) when compared to the control group. As a result of the T. vaginalis infection, copper levels in the blood are dramatically impacted, according to the current study's findings. The current study results suggested that the T. vaginalis infection alters serum iron and ECP concentrations, significantly affecting copper levels in the blood.