Background: pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is one of the most global dangerous infectious diseases worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the most infectious agent that caused PTB transferred by air droplets from one person to other. In the present epidemiological study, we aimed to record the total numbers and percentages of patients infected with PTB caused by Mtb during 12 months in AL-Najaf Governorate, Iraq.    Methods: This study has been done in 2019 from January to the end of December in the north and south region of AL-Najaf Governorate, Iraq. Sputum of PTB-patients has been stained by Ziehl–Neelsen to Mtb diagnosis according to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation. Results: We recorded 174 PTB-patients in AL-Najaf Governorate 2019; 89 male and 85 female; 101 and 73 in the north and south sections respectively. The age group 16-24 was the highest infected. Quarter two recorded the highest numbers of PTB-patients; 33 (60%) in the north section and 22 (40%) in the south section. Conclusion: There was low PTB incidence in AL-Najaf Governorate 2019 but the Youngers were the most susceptible to infection. Infection in the north section was higher than in the south section and there were no high differences between genders. Seasons have no high effect on the number of infections.

Background: Intestinal E. vermicularis worm infection is asymptomatic and endemic in Iraq, but it can cause appendicitis; symptoms vary depending on the stage of the gastrointestinal disease. The E. vermicularis worm has caused several cases of appendicitis. Objective: This study aimed to find out how common E. vermicularis was in appendectomy samples and whether it played a role in appendicitis development. Patients and Methods: Just 30 (3.15 %) of the 950 surgical specimens removed from patients with clinical appendicitis tested positive for E. vermicularis worms. Two ml blood was drawn from positive samples to measure cytokines (prostaglandin two and Transforming growth factor-beta 1), with 30 healthy people serving as a control group. From January to August 2019, all samples were taken from patients who visited AL-Zahra maternity and paediatrics and AL-Hakeem hospital in AL-Najaf province. Patients' appendixes were biopsies, stained with eosin hematoxylin, and microscopically diagnosed. Results: The findings of this study showed a substantial increase (P0.05) in serum levels of PGE2 and TGF-1β as compared to the control group, as well as a histological spectrum of appendicitis associated with a large number of E. vermicularis eggs, the lymphoid follicle reactive germinal center, prominent eosinophilic infiltration. Conclusion: Based on this research's findings, we believe that E. vermicularis worm infection can cause appendicitis and an immune response manifested by elevated PGE2 and TGF-1β levels in the blood.

Background: Salmonellosis is enteric disease caused by Salmonella typhi (S.typhi). Humans are infected with it and it is transmitted through contaminated foods.Objective: The aim of the current study is to compare between two Interleukins (IL-1 and IL-2) levels in patients serum infected with S.typhi. Patients and methods: A case control was conducted in our university hospital. The study included 60 patients with Salmonellosis and 30 healthy individuals as controls. ELISA technique was used to determine the concentrations of IL-1 and IL-2 in the serum of all individuals with acute and chronic typhoid based on a positive blood culture and IgM/IgG test. Results: A total of 33 patients with acute infection and 27 with chronic infection have been diagnosed. IL-1 and IL-2 in acute and chronic infections were higher than in the control group (P values <0.0001 and <0.032, respectively). Conclusions: Humans with Salmonellosis have higher serum levels of IL-1 and IL-2 depending on the severity and duration of the illness and may be used as a diagnosis marker.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection in Al-Najaf province, Iraq, based on various risk variables for sex years. From October 2015 to March 2021, samples were collected from suspected patients in the AL-Hakeem hospital and AL-Zahra maternity and paediatrics clinics in AL-Najaf province; stool samples were collected into clean, wide-mouth specimen bottles from suspected patients, and freshly voided stool specimens were processed and examined microscopically for intestinal paralysis. The current investigation found that 44 out of 44 (9.77%) patients were infected after detecting cyst and trophozoite of G. lamblia. The infection rate is proportional to the size of the family. Children from tiny families had the lowest infection rate (18.3%/15/82) and 18.3% (15/82). (4 persons). The infection rate gradually increased as family size grew, reaching 83.3 percent (5/6) in children from big households (12 persons). Based on the chi-square test, it was discovered that family size is non-significantly (P > 0.05) connected with pinworm infection.

Since Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) only manifests as a trophozoite stage during sex, it is typically transmitted during sex as a trophozoite. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of copper, iron, and Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in vaginitis patients. Between July and November 2021, 355 suspected patients who visited the AL-Zahra maternity and pediatrics laboratory in the AL-Najaf region (Iraq) and 30 healthy respondents of the same age participated in the study. According to the manufacturer's instructions, the ELISA technique was used to measure the levels of three biomarkers in serum (copper, iron, and ECP). On the other hand, the colorimetric approach was used to measure the copper concentration. The investigation showed that in the blood sample of T. vaginalis-infected patients, the amounts of copper and iron considerably decreased (P > 0.05). In contrast, the serum levels of ECP considerably increased (P > 0.05) when compared to the control group. As a result of the T. vaginalis infection, copper levels in the blood are dramatically impacted, according to the current study's findings. The current study results suggested that the T. vaginalis infection alters serum iron and ECP concentrations, significantly affecting copper levels in the blood.

Background: A case-control study examined the relationship between bacterial prostatitis and IL-35 blood levels in the emergence of male infertility. Objective: This study aimed to assess the role that bacterial prostatitis and IL-35 play in the progression of male infertility in patients from Najaf province. Patients and Procedures: 120 patients were seen at AL-Sadder Medical City, Al-Najaf province through the period from January to June, 2021. This number included sixty prostatitis-related infertile patients, 30 prostatitis-related fertile patients, and 30 infertile patients. 30 healthy fertile male subjects served as control group. All subjects provided blood and semen samples and three ml of the blood were placed in a gel tube to separate the serum used to calculate IL-35 level by ELISA. A loop of semen was collected to identify the bacterial culprits as well as semen liquefaction, volume, appearance, and fundamental sperm characteristics in the residual semen (density, motility, viability, and morphology). Results: Prostatitis patients had considerably lower serum concentrations of IL-35 than infertile patients did, according to the findings (P< 0.05). The concentration of IL-35, which is thought of as a biomarker for a progressive state, decreased with the severity of the disease. The findings showed that S. aureus and E. coli were the most frequent bacterial causes of prostatitis. Conclusion:The current study found a correlation between infertility and the infection with prostatitis condition, which is reflected in the body's immune response as a lower level of IL-35.

Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is still a global problem and serious epidemic disease and leads to a high death rate especially in developing countries, partially due to problematic ecological situation. The aim of this study to verifying the numbers and percentages of individuals infected with PTB in Iraqi Kurdistan Governorates 2019. A statistical–retrospective study was carried out to investigate the numbers and percentages of individuals infected with PTB in three provinces in Iraqi Kurdistan; Erbil, Sulaymaniyah and Duhok from the 1st January to 31st December 2019. All essential details of annual data for PTB patients were obtained from the National Center of PTB in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq. A total of 639 cases were recorded in 2019; 295 male (46.1%) and 344 female (53.9%). Erbil Governorate had the highest number of infections with 302 cases (47.2%) followed by Sulaymaniyah and Duhok with 214 (33.5%) and 123 (19.3%) respectively, the most cases were recorded in 2nd quarter with 170 cases (26.6%). The highest frequency of PTB was recorded in age groups 65–80 with 123 cases (19.2%) while the lowest was 5–14 with 20 cases (3.1%). Pulmonary TB remains a threat in Iraqi Kurdistan and about half of cases have been recorded in Erbil Governorate. The highest frequency of PTB was in females than males and the older age groups were the most infected. Therefore, we need more precautionary measures to control this disease.

A case-control study aimed to assess the role of IL-17 serum level and bacterial prostatitis in development of male infertility. 120 patients from January to June 2021 included 60 prostatitis infertile patients, 30 prostatitis patients and 30 infertile patients as well as 30 healthy fertile male subjects. Blood and semen sample were collected from all subjects. 3 ml of venous blood was put in gel tube to separate serum estimate the IL-17 level by ELISA. A loop full of semen was taken to isolate bacterial causes and the remaining semen was analyzed to detect semen liquefaction, volume, appearance and basic sperm parameters (density, motility, viability and morphology). The results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in serum concentration of IL-17 in prostatitis infertile patients than prostatitis compared to infertile patients. According to a grade of the infertile male, the concentration of IL-17 increased with severity of disease and this is considered as a biomarker for progression. The results revealed that E.coli followed by S.aureus is the most common bacterial cause of prostatitis infection. The current study concluded that the infection with prostatitis disease affects the body's immune response represented by increased level of IL- 17 and correlated with infertility.