Introduction: COVID-19 is a new viral illness that can affect the lungs and airways with lethal consequences leading to the death of the patients. The ACE2 receptors were widely disturbed among body tissues such as lung, kidney, small intestine, heart, and others in different percent and considered a target for the nCOVID-19 virus. S-protein of the virus was binding to ACE2 receptors caused downregulation of endogenous anti-viral mediators, upregulation of NF-κB pathway, ROS and pro-apoptotic protein. Nrf2 was a transcription factor that's play a role in generation of anti-oxidant enzymes. Aim: To describe and establish role of Nrf2 activators for treatment COVID-19 positive patients. Methods: We used method of analysis of the published papers with described studies about COVID-19 connected with pharmacological issues and aspects which are included in global fighting against COVID-19 infection, and how using DMF (Nrf2 activator) in clinical trial for nCOVID-19 produce positive effects in patients for reduce lung alveolar cells damage. Results: we are found that Nrf2 activators an important medication that's have a role in reduce viral pathogenesis via inhibit virus entry through induce SPLI gene expression as well as inhibit TRMPSS2, upregulation of ACE2 that's make a competition with the virus on binding site, induce gene expression of anti-viral mediators such as RIG-1 and INFs, induce anti-oxidant enzymes, also they have a role in inhibit NF-κB pathway, inhibit both apoptosis proteins and gene expression of TLRs. Conclusion: We are concluded that use DMF (Nrf2 activator) in clinical trial for nCOVID-19 positive patients to reduce lung alveolar cells damage.
Ebola virus is known for several outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever in West Africa. This RNA virus is linked to high fatality and easy transmission. Recently, an effective vaccine and a monoclonal antibody cocktail have been introduced to combat Ebola virus infection. The matrix protein VP40 of Ebola virus is a known drug target and it is essential for viral life cycle through participation in RNA transcription as well as for the budding of the mature virus. It is known that residues phenylalanine 125 and arginine 134 of VP40 are involved in the interaction with RNA. Therefore, it is of interest to screen VP40 with millions of compounds at the mcule.com database for potential inhibitors. The output hits were ranked according to their minimum binding energy to matrix protein VP40. We further calculated the pharmacokinetics and toxicology properties for the best five hits using several predictive ADME analysis web tools. We report a candidate lead (compound #5: ((10R)-10-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-11,12,14,16-tetra azatetracyclo[7.7.0.0 2,7 .0 11,15 ] hexadeca-1(16), 2(7),3,5,8,12,14-heptaen-8ol)) with high drug-likeness score, promising lead-likeness behaviour and high median lethal dose. The candidate lead compound #5 engages in hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with VP40 active site residues. Thus, the lead compound #5 is recommended for further in vitro and in vivo validations for further consideration.
Zika virus is a mosquito borne pathogen with a single strand RNA genome. Human infection with this virus is usually asymptomatic, however outbreaks reported in both Pacific region and Latin America have been associated with increase in frequency of microcephaly in newborns and fetuses of infected mothers. Also, the incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome had also increased among adults with Zika virus infection. Currently, neither vaccine nor antiviral drug has been developed against Zika virus. Structure based virtual screening can be employed, through drug repurposing strategy, to accelerate the identification of potential anti-Zika virus candidates. As such, virtual screening of approved drugs against Zika virus NS2B/NS3 protease can help to recognize new hits capable of hindering viral ability to replicate and evade immune system of the host. In this computational study, we have screened 1615 FDA approved drugs against NS2B/NS3 protease enzyme of Zika virus by using both molecular docking and dynamics simulation. Our virtual screening results indicate that the anti-muscarinic agent Darifenacin and the anti-diarrheal agent Loperamide may have a promising capacity to inhibit Zika virus NS2B/NS3 protease. According to molecular docking and dynamics simulation, these two approved drugs have good binding capacity to NS2B/NS3 as reported by docking energy of binding and MM-PBSA binding energy. In addition, both Darifenacin and Loperamide were able to maintain close proximity to protease crystal throughout simulation period. However, invitro evaluation of these two drugs against Zika virus NS2B/NS3 protease is required to confirm these computational results.
Introduction: The first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in holy Najaf city in February 22, 2020. The outbreak then rose up all over Iraq from 519 cases and 20 deaths in June 2, 2020 to 3484 cases and 72 deaths per day in August 10, 2020 per 24 hours. Aim: The aim of the study is to describe the distribution of confirmed cases by age, demographic factors, isolation, comorbidities and case fatality rate. Methods: Prospectively collected and analyzed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. The demographic and clinical outcomes data of 1153 diagnosed patients were collected from consecutive patients, analyzed, and described. About two third of cases 789 (68.4%) acquired infection through contact with positive patients. Results: The reported cases were 743 (64.4%) males and 410 (35.6%) females with large number among age range 21 to 50 years. The most frequent presenting symptoms were fever, sore throat and dyspnea or cough, most of patients; 868 (75%) patients were isolated at home versus 285 (24.72) patients required hospitalization which represented the intermediate and sever cases. The overall case fatality rate was 2.4%. Conclusion: Most of COVID-19 cases in this localitywere male from urban areas. The common onset symptoms were the fever, sore throat and dyspnea or cough. Majority of cases were isolated and treated at home. The estimated case fatality rate was within the global range (2.4%).
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