Background Neonatal cholestasis (NC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young infants. This study examines the etiology of NC and its outcome during 2 years of follow-up at a tertiary referral center in Bangladesh. Results Out of 80 cholestatic infants, 60% had intrahepatic cholestasis with a mean age of onset of 12.4±2.8 days and a mean age of admission of 82.4±29.0 days. The remaining 40% were extrahepatic with a mean age of onset of 6.7±2.3 days and a mean age of admission of 94.6±50.4 days. Biliary atresia (BA), idiopathic neonatal hepatitis (INH), and TORCH (Toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex) infection except rubella were the most common causes. After receiving treatment, 46.2% of the cases improved, 23.8% deteriorated with morbidity, and 30% died. The majority of the children with INH, TORCH, choledochal cyst, hypothyroidism, galactosemia, and urinary tract infection (UTI) with sepsis were improved. Significant mortality was found in BA (56.6%), intrahepatic bile duct paucity (PIBD) (100%), and progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) (100%) whereas the rest of BA (43.4%) live with persistent morbidity. Significant clinical improvement was observed in 37 (46.2%) cases of cholestasis evidenced by decreasing jaundice, change of color of urine from dark to normal color, change of stool color from pale to yellow, and gradual decrease in liver size from hepatomegaly state. In addition, decreasing median total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, alanine transaminase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and alkaline phosphatase showed biochemical improvement at 2 years follow-up. The age of admission, etiology, and presence of ascites are the predictors of outcomes. Conclusion BA was the most common cause of extrahepatic while INH and TORCH infection were the most common cause of intrahepatic cholestasis. Majority of children with intrahepatic cholestasis improved but deteriorated with BA and genetic causes. Prompt referral and early diagnosis as well as the etiology of NC were the main determinants of the favorable outcome.

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Background: Acute viral hepatitis is a major public health problem in the world affecting millions of children every year despite the availability of vaccines, prophylactic measures and improved sanitation.Objective: To determine the etiologies, clinical features and biochemical parameters of acute viral hepatitis among hospitalized children in Bangladesh.

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most important global health problems and active immunization is the single most important and effective preventive measure against HBV infection. Several studied show that HBV carrier rate is between 2%-7% in Bangladesh. Bangladesh introduced hepatitis B vaccination in children through Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in 2005 that includes 3 doses which starts from six weeks after birth. Currently booster vaccination is not recommended any more. However, many studies on different countries observed a declined level of HBs-antibody over a period of 3-6 years that may even reach to non-protective levels. Objective: To evaluate the status of seroconversion and seroprotection along with non-responders of EPI vaccinated children against HBV and to measure their antibody levels in different age groups. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was done in the department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh on 120 cases of EPI vaccinated children enrolled from January-December 2019 while attending the inpatient department without any liver problem. The development of Anti-HBs titre greater than or equal to 10 mIU/mL is considered as protective immunity and any titre less than 10 mIU/mL as non-protective following HBV vaccination. Results: Age of the children was 1-12 years with mean age of 5.6 ± 1.7 years and male: female ratio was 1.1:1. Among the children, 56 (46.6%) were from 1-5 years age, 36 (30.1%) children from 6-10 years age group and 27 (23.3%) children from 11-12 years age group. Out of 120 children, presence of Anti-HBs protective titre was in 63 (52.5%) children and non-protective level in 57 (47.

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