This community-based study is aimed at finding out the prevalence of depression, and its correlates among adolescents of rural Nepal. Data were collected among adolescents after multistage stratified proportionate random sampling by using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to assess the depression among adolescent. Chi-square test and logistic regression model were applied. The prevalence of depression was found to be 27%. Adolescents who were not satisfied with their academic performance were 2.4 times more likely to have the risk of depression ( AOR = 2.417 , CI: 1.097-5.326). Likewise, tobacco users were almost fourteen times ( AOR = 13.858 , CI: 2.090-91.90), who intended to harm themselves were two times ( AOR = 2.323 , CI: 1.078-5.005), sleep deprivation were fifteen folds ( AOR = 14.911 , CI: 7.376-30.145), often scolded by their parents was almost three times ( AOR = 2.931 , CI: 1.195-7.436), and having poor relationship with friends were 2.4 times more likely ( AOR = 2.371 , CI: 1.078-5.215) of having depression. Sleep deprivation has a long-term negative impact on health leading depression.

Background: Pharmaceuticals play a key role in the prevention and treatment of disease. The worldwide availability of effective, safe and affordable pharmaceuticals is a key challenge for the global public health system. Large economic interests are at stake within the field of pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutical sales are existed as trade in many part of developing world including Nepal. At the same time, consumers (patients) are at mercy and unable to judge the quality, safety and, in many cases, the efficacy of the medicine, as well as whether the price is reasonable or not. They depend on others for assured quality medicines. Objective of this study was to find out the prescription written in generic name, availability of generic medicine in hospital pharmacy and outside pharmacy and cost effectiveness of brand –generic substitution in Manmohan Memorial Hospital Premises, Shyombu Kathmandu.Methods: All relevant information of brand-generic medicines and generic prescribing were recorded from the patient chart stored at medical record department except orthopedic department. In Orthopedic department, OPD prescriptions were recorded. Hospital pharmacy and outside pharmacy have been audited for the availability of generic medicines. Face to face interview with pharmacists in hospital and Drug Retailers were taken regarding the medicine available in generic name and medicine substitution. The recorded data were analyzed.Results: Only 298 out of 5120 medicines were found in generic name mostly from medical department, 215 medicines out of 812 medicines. There was no any single generic prescription in orthopedic department. In the hospital pharmacy and outside pharmacy have very few generic medicines. So no question of brand substitution by generic here. Mostly some large volume parental were available in generic names.Conclusion: Only 5.82 % of medicines were prescribed in generic name. Concerns over the therapeutic equivalence of branded products and generics are common amongst physicians, pharmacists and industries of course.JMMIHS.2018;4(1):33-42

The precise measurements of (CTC/Orthodox/Green) Tea absorbance in presence of Brij 35/Water system at room temperature by UV-vis technique are reported. The concentrations of Brij 35 [Polyoxyethylene lauryl ether] were varied from 0.01 to 0.02 mol/lt. Tea concentration in quvette during UV-vis spectrum registration was the same. Obtained results showed a noticeable decreasing of Tea absorbance as a function of Brij 35 concentration. There is evidence of Tea absorbance in the following order: Orthodox > CTC >Green. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bibechana.v11i0.10378 BIBECHANA 11(1) (2014) 40-45

Background: Thyroid dysfunctions have been recognized to cause significant manifestations in physical health as well as mental health. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was used to assess anxiety, depression and self-care management among hypothyroidism attending Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital (CMC-TH). Methods: A total of 258 patients diagnosed with hypothyroidism were selected by convenience sampling. Data was collected from the date June 6, 2021 to November 17, 2021 using face to face interview schedule. The data was analyzed in SPSS version 20 using descriptive and inferential statistics was used to analyze the data. Result: Out of 258 respondents females constituted 64% of the sample. A total of 72.1% of the respondents had different level of anxiety based on GAD-7 among them 43.8% of the respondents had mild anxiety and 9.3% severe level of anxiety. Regarding depression 60.1 % of the respondents had different level of depression based on PHQ-9. Among them 27.1% had mild level of depression whereas 4.7% severe level of anxiety. More than fifty percentages of the respondents (54.3%) had inadequate level of self-care management. Anxiety was significantly associated with sex (0.044), marital status (0.000) and family history of mental illness (0.009) whereas depression was significantly associated with educational status (0.009) and duration of illness (0.002). Conclusion: It is concluded that anxiety and depression was more prevalent among hypothyroidism patients so, routine screening of hypothyroidism patients for psychiatric disorder and treating by both an endocrinologist and a psychiatrist in liaison with each other is very important to optimize their management and improve quality of life.