Background: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) can, in severe cases, lead to cytokine-release syndrome owing to an excessive immune response. The release of different cytokines aggravates disease severity. IL-1β is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, while IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, and both are involved in the human immune response to infection. This study aimed to determine whether serum levels of IL-1β and IL-10 and the ratio of the two over time in patients with COVID-19 could facilitate early identification of disease severity. Methods: An analytical, observational time-series design was employed. Fifty participants were enrolled between May and October 2020 and were divided into two groups-non-severe (n = 20), and severe (n = 30). IL-1β and IL-10 were analyzed using BD cytometric bead array sets. Association of the IL-1β:IL-10 ratio with COVID-19 severity was analyzed using a Mann-Whitney test and Fisher's exact test. Optimal cut-off values to predict disease severity were determined by Youden's index. Results: In non-severe and severe groups, the median serum levels of IL-1β decreased on day 3 (1.72 ng/mL and 2.10 ng/mL, respectively), then increased on day 6 (2.05 ng/mL and 3.31 ng/mL, respectively). However, the median of IL-10 increased on day 3 (1.88 ng/mL and 2.30 ng/mL, respectively) and day 6 (2.02 ng/mL and 2.39 ng/mL, respectively). There was no significant association between the IL-1β:IL-10 ratio and COVID-19 severity at any time-point (p>0.05). The cutoff value of serum IL-10 between the two groups on days 0, 3, and 6 was 1.09 pg/mL (sensitivity: 66.6%; PPV: 71.4%), 2.11 pg/mL (sensitivity: 67.7%; PPV: 50.0%), and 2.08 pg/mL (sensitivity: 78.6%; PPV: 70.9%), respectively. Conclusion:The IL-1β:IL-10 ratio was not correlated to COVID-19 severity. However, owing to its high sensitivity, IL-10 may be a potential biomarker for disease severity in severe COVID-19.
Background:The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and mental health worldwide. However, its impact on medical students in Indonesia has not been well documented. This study aimed to evaluate HRQoL and mental health in 729 Indonesian medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material/Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional study from 31 August to 30 September 2021. The study instrument was an online questionnaire that was distributed via social media platforms. The 12-item short form version 2 (SF12v2) was used to measure HRQoL, and the 21-item Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) was used to measure mental health. Results:From 729 Indonesian medical students included in the analyses, 37.3% had impaired physical component and 66.9% had impaired mental component of HRQoL. The determinants were medical students' island of residence, history of hospitalization, and family member's hospitalization and death due to COVID-19. Concerning mental health, the prevalence of reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress were 45.4%, 65.2%, and 60.9%, respectively. Sex, study method, grade, previous COVID-19 disease severity, comorbidities, previous learning experience, and history of family isolation were identified as the determinants of mental health. Conclusions:This study highlights the adverse effects of COVID-19 on HRQoL and mental health in Indonesian medical students. The results identified key associations, including SARS-CoV-2 infection and comorbidities experienced by the students, the health of their families, including grief following bereavement, and the effects of social isolation during the pandemic.
Massive hemoptysis is a medical emergency that requires intensive treatment with appropriate therapy. The underlying causes of hemoptysis are airway disease, parenchymal disease, and vascular disease. An appropriate diagnostic modality is needed in handling hemoptysis, one of which is by bronchoscopy. Bronchoscopy can identify whether bleeding is still active and see the condition of the patient’s respiratory tract. Apart from being a diagnostic tool, bronchoscopy is also used as one of the therapeutic methods to stop bleeding. Initial bronchoscopy should be performed on massive hemoptysis after the patient is stable and the other side of the lung that is not the source of bleeding has been protected. After the source of bleeding is seen, several therapies can be done.
The rhizome of the Curcuma longa (turmeric rhizome) plant has long been used as traditional medicine. Various studies have found that the active substance curcumin in turmeric rhizome has various effects, such as: anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and anti-bacterial for infectious disease. This review article aims to indicate the potential anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in the treatment of Covid-19. Articles search were performed on three databases (PubMed, Sage Journals, and Nature Portfolio), in which 97 articles were found and filtered based on title, abstract, year of publication, open access, and full text review to obtain 5 relevant articles. This review explains a large potential anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin for treating Covid-19. After the effects proved for many diseases with inflammatory symptoms, similar results were also found in in-vitro testing and clinical trials on Covid-19 cases.
Body size is strongly considered in making medical decisions, selecting medical instruments, drug dosing, and asessment of children’s growth. References of body size based on Caucasian population are widely used nowadays. Unfortunately, these references might have significant differences with others population. A specific study in Indonesian population is needed especially to make its own reference of growth. This research is aimed to get body weight (BW) data from children aged 7-11 years in Surabaya. This research was conducted to 656 children aged 7-11 years. Anthropometer was used to get BW data. Measurement was performed in the morning. All data were plotted to WHO growth chart. Based on the data percentils, we created BW growth chart for specific age and sex.We found an increasing trend with increasing age especially in girls. The increasing trend is better observed in girls. BW data which was plotted to WHO growth chart revealed that in many younger children had normal body weight and even overweight, unfortunately when entering pubertal age some of these children were underweight. Older children has lineary correlated with BW. Data plotting to WHO growth chart reveals that the younger children grew normally according to the reference, but then at later phase they did not follow the reference. This trend is similar to a previous studies, so that this strenghten our supposition that the difference between the WHO Growth Chart and the body growth of children in Indonesian area is not caused by lack of nutrition.
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