The incidence of esophageal cancer in Kazakhstan was analysed for the period of 1989-2010 years, with a focus on trends by age, gender and region. The highest rates of incidence were evident in the Western regions. The dynamics for cancer of the esophagus in the Republic demonstrated decrease, except in the Karaganda region, where a tendency for increase was noted. Considerable variation between regions pointed to differences in risk factor exposure which need to be targeted for future control efforts.
: Diabetic foot ulcer infection is a crucial complication associated with lower-limb amputation and postoperative mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Deciding if a diabetic foot ulcer is infected in a community setting is challenging without validated point-of-care tests. Early detection of infected diabetic foot ulcers can reduce the frequency of hospitalizations, the occurrence of disability, and chances of mortality. Inflammatory biomarkers are predictors of infected diabetic foot ulcers and lower-limb amputation. Procalcitonin, CRP, pentraxin-3, interleukin-6, and calprotectin may help to distinguish uninfected from mildly infected diabetic foot ulcers and diagnose soft tissue infections, bone lesions, and sepsis in diabetic patients. Moreover, these biomarkers may be predictors of lower-limb amputation and postoperative mortality. The current management of infected diabetic foot ulcers is disappointing and unsatisfactory, both in preventing its development and in halting and modifying its progression. The use of new (molecular) techniques for the identification of the IDFU have not yet proven superior to classic cultural techniques for the management of such patients. For clinicians, if the risk stratification of DFU can be obtained earlier in diabetic patients the hospitalization, disability, and mortality rate will be reduced. For practical application of these biomarkers, it is important to correlate these quantitative parameters with clinical symptoms. Based on clinical observations and inflammatory biomarker evaluation, it can be used to guide clinical treatment methods. This review details clinical information published during the past several decades and discusses inflammatory biomarkers that may determine the risk and level of infection of diabetic foot ulcers.
Esophageal cancer (EC) incidence rates in Kazakhstan were assessed by component analysis based on primary registered cases in 2001-2010. It was found that despite an apparent general decrease in the number of EC patients in Kazakhstan, a potential increase should be evaluated, due to changes in aging as well as the increase in population. Some problems of EC patients' registration were broached with an emphasis on the importance of the expected absolute number and reasons for undercounting in the country. Based on these, ways of improving the recording and registration of such patients in the country were suggested.
Objective: The epidemiological features of the cervical cancer (CC) incidence and its spatial and temporal assessment in Kazakhstan were studied. Methods: The retrospective study was done for the period 2009-2018. Descriptive and analytical methods of oncoepidemiology were used. Results: During the study period, 16,441 new cases of CC were registered. The average annual crude and age-standardized incidence rate were 18.6±0.5 and 17.7±0.4 cases per 100,000 population of female, respectively, and their trends tended to increase (Т up =+2.3%; R 2 =0.708 and Т up =+1.9%; R 2 =0.615, respectively). The analysis of ASIR showed unimodal growth with a peak at 50-54 years -45.3±1.1 cases per 100,000 population of female. Trends of ASIR decreased up to 30 years (T down =−1.8%; R 2 =0.111) and 35-59 years (T down =−0.9%; R 2 =0.103), in other age groups the trends increased, and were most pronounced in 40-44 (Т up =+4.1%; R 2 =0.878) and 65-69 years (Т up =+4.4%; R 2 =0.537). Trends in ASR of СС tended to grow in almost all regions, with higher levels in Mangystau (Т up =+4.1%; R 2 =0.482) and Aktobe (Т up =+6.3%; R 2 =0.846) regions. The cartograms of ASR per 100,000 population of female were allocated according to the following criteria: low -up to 16.3, averagefrom 16.3 to 19.2, high -above 19.2. The results of the spatial analysis showed the regions with a higher levels of CC incidence rate per 100,000 population of female: East Kazakhstan (19.8), Aktobe (20.0), Almaty (20.1), Kostanay region (20.9), Atyrau (21.7) regions and Almaty city (22.0). Conclusion: The study of trends of the cervical cancer incidence has the theoretical and practical value: monitoring and evaluation of screening programmes, which are implemented in the country, and conduction of secondary prevention of cervical pathology. Health authorities should consider the obtained results in the in the organization of anti-cancer activities.
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