In this research, biodiesel fuel is produced using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst and methanol as a co-solvent through the transesterification process. The analysis of particulate matter emissions from a compression ignition (CI) engine with pure diesel fuel (D100), biodiesel-mixed (B30), and clove oil (CL3000 ppm) was carried out. The findings obtained revealed 5.27% reduction of particulate matter in biodiesel-blended fuel, and furthermore, when clove was added to the biodiesel-blended fuel, 11.61% reduction of particulate matter was observed as compared to pure diesel. It may be due to the higher oxygen ratio present in clove oil. The engine was run for 100 h on each fuel sample, and the data were taken and tested per 25 h for elemental analysis. The results manifest that the metal concentration found different elements in lubricant oil, i.e., lead (51.84), (24.89%), and (23.255%); copper (47.41%), (28.71%), and (23.86%); nickel (37.88%), (32.32), and (29.78%); and cadmium (46.12), (29.87%), and (24.01%) in diesel, biodiesel-blended fuel, and biodiesel blended with clove oil, respectively. This study found better results for engine life, which shows the lower metal concentration in biodiesel-blended fuel and clove oil than diesel. Furthermore, the fuels investigated in this research can reduce the wear of engine parts because biodiesel and clove oil contain a high oxygen ratio. Moreover, it has been found that biodiesel and clove oil as an antioxidant have a positive impact on noise emission levels for the CI engine.
As the world becomes more urbanized, the market for petroleum products increases. The supply of crude oil-based products such as diesel, gasoline, and natural gas is limited. Furthermore, natural resources are finite and their reservoirs are located in certain parts of the globe. Countries with low to no fossil fuel resources are experiencing a scarcity of petroleum products, necessitating the exploration of alternative energy resources. In this research, tests regarding the exhaust particulate emission, sound pressure level, and performance have been carried out using samples from diesel and biodiesel (waste cooking oil) blended fuel. Two fuel samples have been used, B25 (biodiesel 25% and 75% diesel) and 100% diesel as a baseline in a CI engine at constant RPM of 1350 and variable loads of 0.0 to 1.6 at an interval of 0.2Kg-m. The results show that particulate emissions are reduced by about 7.29% when using biodiesel blended fuel, whereas brake-specific fuel consumption of biodiesel blended fuel has decreased as brake power increased, and brake thermal efficiency increased as brake power increased. The sound pressure level was measured from different locations of the engine (back, front, left) and for varying load. The results show that B25 produces less noise than D100 in each case.
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