The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) plays an important role in cholera disease and the induction of primary protection. In this study, we evaluate mice humoral immune response in intranasal and intraperitoneal administrated V. cholerae LPS. The results showed that the intranasal administration of LPS-chitosan nanoparticle induced the high level of antibodies compared to intraperitoneal injection of antigen without chitosan (P < .001). These results indicated that intranasal and intraperitoneal administration of LPS has been able to induce the high level of antibodies both in the sera and lavage fluid and confirmed our strategy for using intranasal administration of antigen.
The term "spondyloarthropathy" refers to several often overlapping diseases that commonly produce inflammation in different areas of the body such as sacroiliac joints (sacroiliitis), axial spine (spondylitis), tendon, fascia, ligament insertion sites (enthesitis), oligoarthritis, rash (erythema nodusum), and uveitis. Because the rheumatoid factor is negative, the term seronegative spondyloarthritis has been used to refer to such cases in the past, which have included ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease arthritis, and reactive arthritis [1]. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an inflammatory disease affecting various parts of the body, including the spine, peripheral joints, eyes, tendon, and cardiovascular system [2, 3]. The initial symptoms of the AS include pain in the axial joints and limitation of movement. The pathogenesis of this disease is unclear, however, human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27) has been found in 90% of AS patients [4]. The disease usually begins late in the second or third decade of life [5] and is reported to affect twice as many men as women [6]. Radiographic findings of the disease occur in a specific order: widening of the sacroiliac joint generally happens first, followed by erosion, sclerosis, and eventually ankylosis. Inflammation caused by AS ultimately leads to the formation of new bones around the joints. Ossification in the joints and ligamentous structures of the vertebrae causes the formation of syndesmophytes, which can connect with each other allowing for specific radiographic findings [7-9]. Case Reprt Open Access Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes deterioration in the function of the spine and peripheral joints. In addition to history and examination, imaging is important in diagnosing this disease. Pelvic X-rays in particular may show pseudowidening, erosion, and sclerosis sacroiliac joint. Spinal X-rays may also identify syndesmophytes. In more advanced stages, the spine may also be involved, forming a specific type of disease called "bamboo spine". The New York criteria, which includes radiologic and clinical criteria, are used to diagnose AS. The distribution of involvement in joints and bones in AS varies, but classically, it is ascending from the sacroiliac joint, lumbar, and thoracic region. Herein, we report a case of AS that was undiagnosed for 5 years. Despite the normal appearance of the sacroiliac joint, severe involvement of the spinal column in the thoracic region known as "bamboo spine" was observed. The time order of bone involvement in this patient is contrary to what is usually seen. Based on the New York criteria for AS, the case under discussion is not included in the AS definition; however, the patient had clinical symptoms of AS, bamboo spine, and showed a dramatic response to treatment of AS. Heeding the course of the AS as well as the clinical signs and imaging results of various areas (heart, lumbar spine, and sacroiliac joint) will help physicians diagnose AS accurately and in...
Background: Chitosan, a liner polysaccharide, is a biocompatible and safe material for the delivery of therapeutic proteins and antigens, particularly via mucosal systems.
Background: Remote cardiac monitoring and screening have already become an integral telemedicine component. The wide usage of several different wireless electrocardiography (ECG) devices warrants a validation study on their accuracy and reliability. Methods: Totally, 300 inpatients with the Nabz Hooshmand-1 handheld ECG device and the GE MAC 1200 ECG system (as the reference) were studied to check the accuracy of the devices in 1 and 6-limb lead performance. Simultaneous 10-second resting ECGs were assessed for the most common ECG parameters in lead I. Afterward, 6-lead ECGs (limb leads), were performed immediately and studied for their morphologies. Results: Of the 300 patients, 297 had acceptable ECG quality in both devices for simultaneous lead I ECGs. The ECGs were inspected on-screen by a cardiologist for their rhythms, rates, axes, numbers, morphologies of premature atrial and ventricular beats, morphologies and amplitudes of PQRST waves, P-wave durations, QRS-wave durations, P-R intervals, and QT intervals. No significant differences were detected between the devices, and no major abnormalities were missed. Six-limb lead ECGs were obtained in 284 patients, of whom 281 had acceptable quality in ECGs by both devices. The morphology matching evaluation of the ECGs demonstrated an overall 98% compatibility rate, with the highest compatibility in lead I and the lowest in lead augmented vector foot. Conclusions: The diagnosis of critical pathological rhythms, including atrial fibrillation and high-grade atrioventricular node block, was not missed by the Nabz Hooshmand-1 and GE MAC 1200 ECG devices. Accordingly, rhythm detection as the primary purpose of handheld ECG devices was highly accurate. Both devices had acceptable sensitivity to diagnose long P-R and long and short QT intervals. Although the modern technology of smartphones and the physical inability for the 6-limb mode might cause old patients difficulty in utilizing such devices, their use for screening and follow-up is safe.
A right atrial (RA) mass was incidentally found by transthoracic echocardiography in a 79-year-old man with atrial fibrillation rhythms but without a history of anticoagulation. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed a pedunculated immobile mass in the RA appendage. In addition, some calcification was detected in computed tomography. The mass was excised, and pathological examinations revealed organized thrombosis. Accordingly, in the presence of predisposing factors, thrombi, which may mimic some imaging features of tumors, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of RA masses.
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