Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the recent outbreak of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Although nearly two decades have passed since the emergence of pandemics such as SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), no effective drug against the CoV family has yet been approved, so there is a need to find newer therapeutic targets. Currently, simultaneous research across the globe is being performed to discover efficient vaccines or drugs, including both conventional therapies used to treat previous similar diseases and emerging therapies like nanomedicine. Nanomedicine has already proven its value through its application drug delivery and nanosensors in other diseases. Nanomedicine and its components can play an important role in various stages of prevention, diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, and research related to COVID-19. Nano-based antimicrobial technology can be integrated into personal equipment for the greater safety of healthcare workers and people. Various nanomaterials such as quantum dots can be used as biosensors to diagnose COVID-19. Nanotechnology offers benefits from the use of nanosystems, such as liposomes, polymeric and lipid nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, and micelles, for drug encapsulation, and facilitates the improvement of pharmacological drug properties. Antiviral functions for nanoparticles can target the binding, entry, replication, and budding of COVID-19. The toxicity-related inorganic nanoparticles are one of the limiting factors of its use that should be further investigated and modified. In this review, we are going to discuss nanomedicine options for COVID-19 management, similar applications for related viral diseases, and their gap of knowledge.

Recent advances in medical image analysis have been made to improve our understanding of how disease develops, behaves, and responds to treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) advanced imaging strategies provide structural and functional phenotypic biomarkers that correlate with key disease processes. Through radiomics and radiogenomics, ML-medical imaging has opened up new perspectives in high-grade glioma diagnosis. As a result, non-invasive and in vivo biomarkers for patient survival, tumor recurrence, and genomics are identified. Tumor genomic imaging signatures can help identify patients who benefit from targeted therapies. Molecular characterization of gliomas and prediction of their evolution would allow treatment optimization. Radiomics-based biomarkers allow for a more in-depth analysis of pathophysiologic processes and insights into diagnosing better, classifying, stratifying, and prognosticating brain tumors and assessing their response to therapy. Radiomics is a new data-driven approach that can help answer clinical questions like diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment response. With encouraging outcomes in brain tumor patients, radiomics and deep learning are still not widely used in clinical practice, requiring more extensive and practical clinical studies.

Introduction: Mood and anxiety disorders are a prevalent and significant leading cause of years lived with a disability worldwide. Existing antidepressants drugs are only partially effective, having burdensome side effects. One-third of patients do not achieve remission after several adequate antidepressant trials, and relapses of depression are frequent. Psychotherapies for depression are limited by the lack of trained professionals, and further by out-of-pocket prohibitive costs. Existing FDA-approved, device-based interventions are either invasive or only administered in the office. Transcranial photobiomodulation (t-PBM) with near-infrared (NIR) light may be a promising treatment option for mood and anxiety disorders. Due to its low cost, and ease of self-administration, t-PBM has the potential to become widely accessible. The safety profile of t-PBM is a relevant factor for widespread use and administration. Aim: To further investigate the t-PBM safety profile, this study aims to evaluate the tolerability and safety of t-PBM for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Method: We completed a systematic analysis of the side effects from repeated sessions of t-PBM in three studies: an open-label study for GAD (LIGHTEN GAD) and two randomized control studies for MDD (ELATED-2; ELATED-3). Overall, 80 subjects were studied. Result: Our results show that a low dose of NIR per t-PBM session can be administered with increasing frequency (up to daily sessions) and for several weeks (up to 12 weeks) without a corresponding increase in the occurrence or severity of adverse events. Additionally, there were no significant predictors for the variance in the number of reported adverse events (such as age, sex or diagnosis). Conclusion: The literature indicates that higher dosages of transcranial NIR could lead to greater antidepressant and anxiolytic effects; this study did not find any correlation between the increasing number of t-PBM sessions and the occurrence of adverse events.

Neuroplasticity, the brain’s capacity to adapt to internal and external environmental changes, occurs physiologically throughout growth and in reaction to damage. Many MRI studies of neuroplasticity have shown strong evidence that the brain changes quickly and extensively when people have new experiences. · In this paper, we review the most advancement in the role of neuroradiology in neuroplasticity and using biomarkers. o Detecting neuroplasticity in global brain circuits in vivo is critical for understanding various processes such as memory, learning, and injury healing. o MRI-biomarkers can be used to check for corticospinal integrity and how well motor resources are used. White matter neuroplasticity is studied via MRI. It has been used to study structural changes using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) o The ultrafast fMRI (ufMRI) technique allows for high spatiotemporal sensitivity and resolution in dispersed brain circuits to detect fMRI signals more connected with the underlying neural dynamics. White matter hemodynamics may change over time, explaining functional neuroplasticity in this tissue.

Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most prevalent entrapment syndrome in the upper limbs, for which pregnancy is a known risk factor. CTS diagnosis is confirmed via nerve conduction studies (NCSs), which sometimes is expensive, and the electrical stimulation makes it an unpleasant diagnostic modality, especially for pregnant subjects. Recently, high-frequency ultrasonography (HF-USG) is known as a diagnostic method. This study is concerned with determining the diagnostic value of this modality for CTS among pregnant women. Methods: This cross-sectional case-control study was conducted with 40 CTS cases and 40 matched controls. The HF-USG of wrists was performed bilaterally on all participants with a focus on the median nerve cross-sectional area (MNCSA) at the carpal tunnel (CT) inlet. Results: Mean MNCSA was statistically different between the CTS group (11.71 ± 1.86 mm2, range: 8 to 18 mm2) and the control group (6.75 ± 1.38 mm2, range: 4 to 11 mm2) (P < 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn, and the cross-sectional area (CSA) cut-off point of 8.5 mm2 showed sensitivity and specificity of 98% and 93%, respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) and the negative predictive value (NPV) were 95% and 98%, respectively, with the mentioned point as the diagnostic threshold. Conclusion: HF-USG of the median nerve can be utilized as a preferable alternative to NCS (the current gold standard diagnostic method) in pregnant women, due to its convenience and lower cost, or at least, it can be used as a screening tool among pregnant women with suspicious symptoms.

The term "spondyloarthropathy" refers to several often overlapping diseases that commonly produce inflammation in different areas of the body such as sacroiliac joints (sacroiliitis), axial spine (spondylitis), tendon, fascia, ligament insertion sites (enthesitis), oligoarthritis, rash (erythema nodusum), and uveitis. Because the rheumatoid factor is negative, the term seronegative spondyloarthritis has been used to refer to such cases in the past, which have included ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease arthritis, and reactive arthritis [1]. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an inflammatory disease affecting various parts of the body, including the spine, peripheral joints, eyes, tendon, and cardiovascular system [2, 3]. The initial symptoms of the AS include pain in the axial joints and limitation of movement. The pathogenesis of this disease is unclear, however, human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLA-B27) has been found in 90% of AS patients [4]. The disease usually begins late in the second or third decade of life [5] and is reported to affect twice as many men as women [6]. Radiographic findings of the disease occur in a specific order: widening of the sacroiliac joint generally happens first, followed by erosion, sclerosis, and eventually ankylosis. Inflammation caused by AS ultimately leads to the formation of new bones around the joints. Ossification in the joints and ligamentous structures of the vertebrae causes the formation of syndesmophytes, which can connect with each other allowing for specific radiographic findings [7-9]. Case Reprt Open Access Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes deterioration in the function of the spine and peripheral joints. In addition to history and examination, imaging is important in diagnosing this disease. Pelvic X-rays in particular may show pseudowidening, erosion, and sclerosis sacroiliac joint. Spinal X-rays may also identify syndesmophytes. In more advanced stages, the spine may also be involved, forming a specific type of disease called "bamboo spine". The New York criteria, which includes radiologic and clinical criteria, are used to diagnose AS. The distribution of involvement in joints and bones in AS varies, but classically, it is ascending from the sacroiliac joint, lumbar, and thoracic region. Herein, we report a case of AS that was undiagnosed for 5 years. Despite the normal appearance of the sacroiliac joint, severe involvement of the spinal column in the thoracic region known as "bamboo spine" was observed. The time order of bone involvement in this patient is contrary to what is usually seen. Based on the New York criteria for AS, the case under discussion is not included in the AS definition; however, the patient had clinical symptoms of AS, bamboo spine, and showed a dramatic response to treatment of AS. Heeding the course of the AS as well as the clinical signs and imaging results of various areas (heart, lumbar spine, and sacroiliac joint) will help physicians diagnose AS accurately and in...

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