CONTEXT:Congenital heart disease (CHD) is an important cause of death during the 1st year of life and includes a special group of cardiac diseases that exist from birth. These conditions arise due to the abnormal development of an embryo's normal structures.AIMS:A case–control study was conducted to investigate the determinant factors leading to CHD.MATERIALS AND METHODS:All newborns who have been diagnosed with CHD upon echocardiography in 2013 were considered as cases. The number of samples required was randomly selected from the newborns who lacked CHD on cardiography. The mothers of both groups were handed the questionnaires.STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED:SPSS 23 was employed to analyze the data.RESULTS:A statistically significant association was seen between CHD and a positive family history (FH) (P < 0.001), consanguinity (P < 0.001), maternal diabetes (P = 0.004), the use of antiepileptics during the first 45 days of gestation (P = 0.002), and the mother's education status (P > 0.001). No significant association was observed between CHD in the newborn and the age below 20 and above 35 years and (P = 0.11), maternal body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.44), smoking during the first 45 days of gestation (P = 0.017), and maternal rheumatologic diseases (P = 0.4).CONCLUSIONS:Newborns are at a greater risk of having CHD born from mothers with a FH of CHD, from consanguineous marriages, history of diabetes, antiepileptic use, and lack of folic acid use. However, no significant associations were found between newborn CHD and maternal age, BMI, or cigarette smoking.
Background and Aim: Neonates of diabetic mothers are more prone to congenital heart diseases than others. These abnormalities are the leading cause of fetal death in diabetic neonates. Therefore, the determination of a screening method and evaluation of its value seems necessary in such neonates. The present study investigated the various types of congenital heart diseases in neonates of diabetic mothers. Materials and Methods: The present descriptive cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of congenital heart malformations on 200 neonates of diabetic mothers who had referred to the teaching hospitals of Qom, Iran. The designed checklists included the maternal age, gestational age, gender of the infant, occupation of the mother, family history, maternal diabetes, Apgar, respiratory distress, cyanosis, and echocardiographic results. Results: Based on the findings, echocardiographic results of 82 neonates of diabetic mothers were abnormal. Moreover, it was concluded that the infant weight abnormality, reception of oral medications, overt diabetes, and the decrease of fasting blood glucose had a significant relationship with heart diseases in infants of diabetic mothers. Moreover, the study found that echocardiographic results were abnormal in 49% of neonates of diabetic mothers. Furthermore, 3%, 1.5%, 69.5%, 41%, 0%, and 3.5% of the participants had VSD, ASD, PFO, PDA, MR, and TR. Conclusion:Based on the results, it was concluded that 9 out of each 10 diabetic neonates have congenital heart anomalies, with PFO being the most common one of them.
Background and Aim: Venous Thrombo Embolism (VTE) refers to the formation of clots in blood vessels. The current study aimed to investigate deep vein thrombosis (DVT) by imaging modalities. Materials and Methods: In this review study, national databases, including Magiran, SID, IranMedex, as well as international ones, namely databases including PubMed, Google scholar, Scopus, and ISI, were searched for related books and articles. The keywords included thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, imaging, and thrombosis detection. Results: In patients with suspected primary or recurrent deep vein thrombosis, CT venography (CTV) and Magnetic Resonance Venography (MRV) are rarely used on suspicion of iliac vein thrombosis or inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis in ultrasound. These examinations have relatively poor reliability, cause adverse side effects of radiation and contrast materials, and are undoubtedly more costly. Conclusion:As evidenced by the obtained results, different methods are available for the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. Moreover, it was revealed that ultrasound imaging is the most reasonable method for initial examination due to its sensitivity, specificity, costs, and adverse effects.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Considering the association between colorectal cancer (CRC) and both insulin resistance and obesity, and the prominent role of ghrelin in these metabolic disorders, we explored whether plasma levels of ghrelin were associated with CRC. Moreover, in the patients with CRC the possible correlations between ghrelin and insulin, insulin resistance, and body mass index (BMI) as an indicator of obesity were examined. METHODS: A total of 170 subjects, including 82 cases with CRC and 88 controls were enrolled in this study. Plasma levels of ghrelin, insulin, and glucose were measured in all the subjects using ELISA and glucose oxidase methods. Furthermore, insulin resistance was assessed by calculating HOMA-IR index. RESULTS: The cases with CRC had decreased ghrelin levels (P<0.001) and a higher HOMA-IR index (P<0.001) than controls. Interestingly, when CRC patients were stratified based on tumor site, lower ghrelin levels and a higher HOMA-IR index were observed in the patients with either colon or rectal cancer vs. controls too. Additionally, there were an age and BMI-independent negative correlation between ghrelin levels and HOMA-IR (r=-0.365, P<0.05), and an age-independent negative correlation between ghrelin levels and BMI (r=-0.335, P<0.05) in the rectal subgroup. CONCLUSION: Our findings support a role for ghrelin in connection with insulin resistance and obesity in CRC susceptibility; however, it needs to be corroborated by further studies.
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