A double series configuration of a microresonator is proposed to measure the amount of corrosion on iron metal. A numerical computation has been performed for analyzing the sensing operation in which the metal is attached to the waveguide as a top cladding material. The transparency peak profile and transfer function of the output transmission spectrum is obtained using a signal flow graph method and Mason's rule. The output spectrum of the microresonator shows that the linear free spectral range (FSR) changes as the iron begins to oxidize, which affects the cladding index of the sensing system. The FSR changes with respect to the amount of corrosion present in iron metal. In addition, the microresonator is able to distinguish two different types of corrosion, which are hematite and magnetite. The ▻ Authors ▻ Keywords Brought to you by INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA Search Sources Lists ↗ SciVal Create account Sign in References (39) Author keywords all-optical corrosion sensor double-series microresonator refractive index Indexed keywords Engineering controlled terms: Cladding (coating) Hematite Iron Magnetite Metal analysis Refractive index Resonators Signal flow graphs Engineering uncontrolled terms All optical Corrosion sensor Double series Free spectral range Micro resonators Numerical computations Output transmission Types of corrosions Engineering main heading: Corrosion Funding details
In plasma focus (PF), the thermodynamic parameters such as ion fraction α, effective ionic charge number Z eff , and effective specific heat ratio γ at different temperatures may be calculated by corona model (CM). In the Lee model code, the neon Z eff and γ are stored in subroutines using convenient tables and polynomials derived from the CM (we call this approach approximated CM). In this paper, the thermodynamic parameters of the CM are close fitted to the data, thus replacing the approximate CM data with a more accurate close-fitting CM (CFCM). The comparisons of the Lee model code using the approximated CM and CFCM subroutines are conducted, with the main emphasis on optimum neon soft X-ray (SXR) emission and their properties. The suitable focus pinch temperature window of 200-500 eV is applied to generate the optimum neon SXR yield (Y sxr ). The optimum neon Y sxr is found to be 3.19 and 3.49 J at the optimum pressure P 0 = 3.1 torr with approximated CM and CFCM subroutines, respectively. A high optimum value of SXR yield is obtained using CFCM subroutines in the Lee model, which is nearer to the experimental value compared with the approximated CM subroutines. The use of CFCM in the Lee model contributes to better estimation for further numerical experiment studies and gives confidence that the model is sufficiently realistic in describing the PF dynamics and SXR emission. Index Terms-γ , approximated corona model (approximated CM), close-fitting of corona model (CFCM), corona model (CM), ionic charge number, soft X-ray (SXR), specific heat ratio, Z e f f plasma focus (PF).
A non-uniform current spreading in the current spreader can greatly reduce the efficiency of the light-emitting diode (LED). The effects of the electrode contact area to the spreading layer towards extraction efficiency of LED chips is analysed in analytical simulations. Length of current spreading and light extraction efficiency is analysed for variation of contact area. The contact area value is varied by changing the shape of the electrode and the value of width of contact area. The increase in contact area decreases light extraction efficiency as more light are absorbed by the bottom electrode surface. The effective current spreading length for Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) of thickness 300nm is 36.44µm. The 6 strips ‘fork’ design is the most optimum. The design has the most area for photons produced in active region to escape without reducing the area cover with current density. This enables the chip to has more extraction efficiency with more uniform current spreading.
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