In this work, Sr0.3Ba0.4Pb0.3Fe12O19/(CuFe2O4)x (x = 2, 3, 4, and 5) as strongly exchange-coupled nanosized ferrites were fabricated using a one-pot sol–gel combustion method (citrate sol-gel method). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) powder patterns of the products confirmed the occurrence of pure, exchange-coupled ferrites. Frequency dependencies of the microwave characteristics (MW) were investigated using a co-axial method. The non-linear behavior of the MW with the composition transformation may be due to different degrees of Fe ion oxidation on the spinel/hexaferrite grain boundaries and strong exchange coupling during the hard and soft phases.
The laser irradiation have shown a range of applications from fabricating, melting, and evaporating nanoparticles to changing their shape, structure, size, and size distribution. Laser induced plasma has used for different diagnostic and technological applications as detection, thin film deposition, and elemental identification. The possible interferences of atomic or molecular species are used to specify organic, inorganic or biological materials which allows critical applications in defense (landmines, explosive, forensic (trace of explosive or organic materials), public health (toxic substances pharmaceutical products), or environment (organic wastes). Laser induced plasma for organic material potentially provide fast sensor systems for explosive trace and pathogen biological agent detection and analysis. The laser ablation process starts with electronic energy absorption (~fs) and ends at particle recondensation (~ms). Then, the ablation process can be governed by thermal, non-thermal processes or a combination of both. There are several types of models, i.e., thermal, mechanical, photophysical, photochemical and defect models, which describe the ablation process by one dominant mechanism only. Plasma ignition process includes bond breaking and plasma shielding during the laser pulse. Bond breaking mechanisms influence the quantity and form of energy (kinetic, ionization and excitation) that atoms and ions can acquire. Plasma expansion depends on the initial mass and energy in the plume. The process is governed by initial plasma properties (electron density, temperature, velocity) after the laser pulse and the expansion medium. During first microsecond after the laser pulse, plume expansion is adiabatic afterwards line radiation becomes the dominant mechanism of energy loss.
In this paper, a microring resonator (MRR) system using double-series ring resonators is proposed to generate and investigate the Rabi oscillations. The system is made up of silicon-on-insulator and attached to bus waveguide which is used as propagation and oscillation medium. The scattering matrix method is employed to determine the output signal intensity which acts as the input source between two-level Rabi oscillation states, where the increase of Rabi oscillation frequency with time is obtained at the resonant state. The population probability of the excited state is higher and unstable at the optical resonant state due to the nonlinear spontaneous emission process. The enhanced spontaneous emission can be managed by the atom (photon) excitation, which can be useful for atomic related sensors and single-photon source applications.Optical microring resonator (MRR) has emerged as a potential photonic structure in integrated technology with low power consumption [1] . MRR contributes in various technological applications, such as optical sensors [2] , optical amplification [3] , polarization conversion [4] , optofluidic devices [5] , optical spin generators [6] , frequency shifters [7] and on-chip spectrometry bio-analysis [8] . In quantum, the interaction between atoms and electromagnetic field is described precisely by the energy state transition as interaction phenomenon occurs in small distance with short time.The probability of atom transition between two energy levels is used to explain the interaction between electromagnetic field and atoms. Based on the perturbation theory, the atomic state population remains constant, as the probability amplitude of an atom transiting to other energy states is small. However, in presence of strong light field, the atomic population increases in higher energy level [9] . The probability of atom transition is found in form of oscillation against time which shows that the atom could be in ground or higher energy level, and such oscillations are known as Rabi oscillation [10] . The energy states for a system can be analyzed using the Hamiltonian of time-dependent Schrodinger equation for the light-atom interaction.In this paper, a theoretical formulation for the optical bright soliton pulse propagation within the nonlinear silicon-on-insulator (SOI) double-series microring resonator (DSMRR) system is presented based on optical transfer function [11] and scattering matrix method [12] . The SOI shows the nonlinear optical properties at various wavelengths, which provides strong light confinement [13] and is suitable for high-speed passive-waveguide applications. The Rabi oscillation at the through port of DSMRR system is described by the Hamiltonian, which represents the atoms with ambient surrounding as an unperturbed condition and the atoms interacting with optical bright soliton beam as a perturbed condition. The Rabi frequency equations for the interaction between atom and light within the DSMRR system are obtained by the analytical derivation of two-level atom approxima...
A new microring resonator system is proposed for the detection of the Salmonella bacterium in drinking water, which is made up of SiO2-TiO2 waveguide embedded inside thin film layer of the flagellin. The change in refractive index due to the binding of the Salmonella bacterium with flagellin layer causes a shift in the output signal wavelength and the variation in through and drop port's intensities, which leads to the detection of Salmonella bacterium in drinking water. The sensitivity of proposed sensor for detecting of Salmonella bacterium in water solution is 149 nm/RIU and the limit of detection is 7 × 10(-4)RIU.
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