This research focuses on specific models of health and illness, explored by many researchers across the world. The sequential variations and critic of each model is summed up by researcher and the relevant theoretical orientations of beta thalassemia major have been tried to integrate. Beta thalassemia major is a common genetic disorder, due to abnormalities in human globin (alpha or beta). The highest prevalence rate of disease has been seen in Saudi Arabia, Jordon, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan, due to repeated cousin marriages, strong beliefs of cultural and traditional practices and lack of knowledge for the prevention and management of beta thalassemia major. The focus of epidemiologists remained on genetic causes and ignored the social, cultural, religious and psychological factors which preponderate over biological aspects of health. The academician and health experts lacked to focus the theoretical orientations of beta thalassemia major, this paper elucidates the models of health and illness and provides and logical theoretical itinerary for beta thalassemia major.
Social reproduction theory claims that the social structure of inequality is the product of unequal distribution of resources. This inequality perpetuates across generations due to the strategies that agents use to maintain and enhance their relative positions in the social space of positions. This study built the triptych model of reproduction of social class to evaluate the social reproduction theory of Bourdieu. The model is consisted of three stages. The first stage explored that the cultural and economic capital are inversely related in the social structure of South Punjab. The second stage analyzed the reproduction of social class. The data supported the intergeneration perpetuation of the dominant class in south Punjab. The study excluded the third stage of mediation models. The study concluded that the structure of unequal distribution of resources perpetuated from one generation to the next. The study suggested that the triptych model of reproduction of social class may be used in the future studies to assess the social reproduction theory of Bourdieu.
Benazir Income Support Program (BISP) is a targeted unconditional cash transfer program initiated to provide financial support to poor and vulnerable women for smoothing and cushioning the negative effects of slow economic growth. The present study aims to find out the effect of unconditional cash transfer BISP on women’s empowerment. We analyze women’s empowerment through exploring the effect of unconditional cash transfer on household decision making, their independence, status of women in the community and their freedom from domestic violence. We interviewed 20 beneficiaries among which 10 respondents belonged to district Gilgit whereas the remaining 10 were the residents of district Nagar the data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Purposive sampling was used for data collection and respondents were traced through snowball sampling technique. The findings aver that BISP has improved the household decision making of women, increased women independence at limited level and decreased domestic violence, however, minimal effect was observed on women’s status in society.
The Land is a finite natural resource and important factor of production since the existence of human being on land. It is a fundamental for survival of life and human livelihood, with immense social, cultural, commercial, aesthetic and spiritual value. The land related disputed and clashes rate is very high in the country due to huge population attached with agriculture and other land cultivations sectors. This time taking situation brings number of the social, psychological and obstacle and barriers in life of concerned litigated families and their children. Considering the intensity and importance of issues and its social impacts on the individual and family life researcher tried to find out the actual primary data from division Gujranwala. The respondents of study were the families involved in the and litigation process for one year at least. Quantitative research method and technique were applied and the data was collected over structured questionnaire. Whole phenomena of land dispute and results in litigation are affecting family and communal life. Family is suffering from social, economic, educational and health problems.
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