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Aims: This study is aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia and to analyze its socio-cultural determinants among under five children to devise targeted delivery plan for pharmaceutical interventions to combat anemia. Study Design: To investigate the socio-cultural risk factors, a cross-sectional field survey was conducted to gather data from 384 women and their last child up to five years of age in Muzaffarabad district of Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. Methodology: A pretested interview schedule was constructed to collect socio-cultural characteristics of the women and their children. We use convenience sampling which is a non-probability sampling technique for data collection. Two government hospitals were selected for data and blood samples collection from respondents. We use univariate analysis for descriptive statistics and perform bivariate analysis to find the association of anemia with the socio-cultural risk factors. Binary logistic regression is used to calculate odd ratios and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals. The results were considered statistically significant for p-value <0.05. Results: The overall prevalence of anemia is 47.7%, which is a severe health problem from public health perspective. Among anemic children 74(40.4%) are mildly anemic, 79(43.2%) are suffering from moderate and 30(16.4%) from severe anemia.  Major risk factors of anemia include residential area, parental education, father’s profession, lower family income, maternal knowledge about balanced diet and anemia. Conclusion: It is concluded that anemia among under five children is a multifactorial problem and policymakers should devise targeted pharmaceutical interventions (iron and folic acid supplementation) to combat anemia.

This study was conducted in the sphere of lonely and socially isolated third gender as their lingering agony is not realized by mainstream society. The major objective of the study is to explore the impact of loneliness and depression on social isolation of third gender. Researcher collected data from randomly selected 100 eunuchs from Multan city, using self-administered questionnaire and face-to-face interview schedule. Researcher explored that loneliness significantly affected social isolation (p<.05). The study concluded that loneliness produced social isolation among third genders in Multan. The study further suggested that social inclusion of third gender in main fabric of society through their participation in social institutions.

The present study was aimed to find out some measures of child labour in the capital of Pakistan (Islamabad). Study explored some parental factors like (socio-economic status, criminal tendency of parents, their physical health, parental pressure, age of the parents as well as social acceptance of the parents) related to child labour. Child labor was one of the oldest curses that still refused to fade away in our part of the world. The main objective of the study was to determine the characteristics of working children in automobile workshops and to bring out those associated factors leading to child labor in automobile workshops in Islamabad. For the said purpose, 250 working children were then purposively drawn and attributed with less than 18 years of age in the locality of Islamabad. The information was obtained from the respondents by using interview schedule as a tool for the present study. Children were facing many problems at work such as cuts and burns (48%), muscles pain (28%), eyes infection and different orthopedic injuries (10%) and (14%) respectively. Results showed that a negative correlation existed between the variables (child labour and socio-economic status, physical health of parents) while all other variables such as age of the parents, social acceptance, criminal tendency and parental pressures were positively correlated with the measure (child labour).

Based on past research, this study confirms the importance of parenting styles and personality. A Big Five personality type and parenting style scale were used. There were several studies that investigated the interaction between parenting style and personality, but there has been a shortage of research on this issue in Pakistan. The connection between parenting styles and personality was investigated in this study. This research comprised 105 students between the ages of 18 and 22. A probability sampling method was used to select the samples. This study was quantitative in nature. The Pearson correlation approach was applied to analyze the data. The results indicated that the five factors in the Big Five personality type are strongly correlated with parenting style scale factors. The study also looked into how parenting styles promote the personality development of youth. Keywords: Parents, parenting style, students, adolescents, personality development.