Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is an autosomal-recessive disorder of a defective melanin pathway. The condition is characterized by hypopigmentation of hair, dermis, and ocular tissue. Genetic studies have reported seven nonsyndromic OCA genes, among which Pakistani OCA families mostly segregate TYR and OCA2 gene mutations. Here in the present study, we investigate the genetic factors of eight consanguineous OCA families from Pakistan. Genetic analysis was performed through single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping (for homozygosity mapping), whole exome sequencing (for mutation identification), Sanger sequencing (for validation and segregation analysis), and quantitative PCR (qPCR) (for copy number variant [CNV] validation). Genetic mapping in one family identified a novel homozy-
K E Y W O R D Sgenetic screening, homozygosity-by-descent mapping, hypopigmentation, melanin, oculocutaneous albinism, SNP genotyping, whole-exome sequencing 278
Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing field with numerous applications spread in different fields, especially medicine. It plays a role in tissue engineering, tissue regeneration, drug delivery, and regenerative medicine. The present brief review summarizes the role of nanotechnology in tissue engineering and tissue regeneration. The CRISPR/Cas9 system in tissue engineering is playing an important role, as CRISPR is a revolutionary genome-editing technology that is being used for tissue engineering where it emphasizes to address tissue architecture formation, immune response circumvention, cell differentiation, and disease model development. Moreover, the development and research expenses for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are too high and there is a need for making these systems cost-effective. Thus, the advanced approach of applications of nanotechnology to regenerative medicine and CRISPR will definitely revolutionize the basis of treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of various diseases.
The present preliminary study is based on the results of the research work carried out in Qilla Saifullah Tehsil, District Qilla Saifullah, Balochistan, Pakistan, during 2016. The area was surveyed and collection of hydrophytes and marshland plants was made from 10 sites of various aquatic habitats. The collected materials were identified with the help of available literature, and internet and by comparing with herbarium specimens. Data inventory consists of botanical name, family, availability, distribution. In this study 30 plant species belonging to 16 families were identified. Poaceae was the largest family that contributed 07 species (23.33%), followed by Typhaceae with 03 species (10%) each, next 6 families, Asteraceae, Brassicaeae, Chenopodiaceae, Cyperaceae,Polygonaceae and Rnunculaceaewith 02 species (06.66 %) each; while the last 08 families contributed 1 species (3.33%) each. Detailed account of the semi aquatic and marshland angiosperms of QillaSaifullah is not available. Therefore, the present study is an attempt to highlight such angiospermic plant species. Hence more work is needed to be done in this regard.
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