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Material anisotropy significantly impacts the mechanical behaviors of asphalt pavements. However, most current asphalt pavement design methods treat the material properties only as isotropic, which could significantly skew the mechanical behaviors. There is a need to evaluate the impact of material anisotropy on pavement mechanical behaviors. In this study, we first developed a new and efficient 3-dimensional finite element (FE) model of anisotropic material. Then, the feasibility of the proposed FE model was verified using field data collected with a falling weight deflectometer. Finally, using this model, the contributions of each layer anisotropy to the mechanical properties were determined. The results showed that the mechanical behaviors were more sensitive to the orthotropy than to the transverse isotropy of the material. The all-layer orthotropy was the most unfavorable combination. In addition, the subgrade orthotropy showed the most significant effect on increasing the surface deflection and compressive strain of the subgrade top (by about 10%). Based on the study results, we recommend that the homogeneity degree of the filling subgrade should be strictly controlled to ensure adequate pavement capacity and anti-rutting performance during construction.

Prompt: A road sign shows Mask aeroplane bicycle bird boat bottle bus car cat chair cow dog motorbike person potted plant sheep sofa train background Figure 1 -DiffuMask synthesizes realistic images and mask annotations by exploiting the attention maps of the diffusion model. Without human effort and localization (i.e., box and mask) annotation, DiffuMask is capable of producing high-quality semantic masks.

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The arch bridge is one of the main bridge types utilized in China, and many concrete arch bridges have been built there. Concrete with its high strength in compression and limited strength in tension is an ideal construction material for the arch since its primary internal force is compression. This paper briefly introduces the construction of concrete arch bridges in China in recent years, provides basic statistics on concrete arch bridges worldwide with a span of more than 200 m, analyses the development of concrete arch bridges, and focuses on the Nanpanjiang and Beipanjian Railway Bridges. Furthermore, this study introduces the common construction methods for concrete arch bridges, and describes the recent progress of research on concrete arch bridges using new materials and structures. Finally, future trends in the research and development of concrete arch bridges are discussed including applications of new materials, structures and construction methods.

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