Leachates from selected dumpsites and control site in Lokoja municipal were analyzed for trace metal concentrations. These parameters were compared with control samples and established international standards (FEPA) and (WHO). Dumpsite leachates contained very high concentrations of iron (73.60±0.58)mg/L, manganese (16.53±0.309)mg/L, copper 1.00±0.02mg/L, zinc 2.41±0.042mg/L, and lead 1.55±0.097mg/L. All the parameters except nickel and cadmium were above the control and exceed FEPA and WHO guidelines. The study revealed that the dumpsite is a major polluting source in the surrounding environment. This underlines the need for appropriate government agency of Kogi State, Nigeria to initiate active remediation process such as phytoremediation in combination with physiochemical methods to recover the dumpsite from contaminants and reduce the level of pollution in the surrounding environment.
We report a case of maternal brain death at 26 weeks of gestation in which supportive intensive care, tocolytic drug therapy and close fetal surveillance resulted in prolongation of the pregnancy for 14 days. The indication for delivery was oligohydramnios and suspected placental insufficiency. The baby did well following an initial period of elective ventilation.A 33-year-old primigravida was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit with a provisional diagnosis of massive intracranial haemorrhage at 26 weeks of gestation. Her pupils were fixed and dilated on admission and she had a Glasgow Coma Scale of five.The management at that time was directed at cerebral protection and prevention of herniation of the cerebellar tonsils (coning). She was therefore intubated, sedated, paralysed and hyperventilated to a PaCO 2 of 4 kPa. Dexamethasone and mannitol were administered. All sedation was stopped after 48 hours for assessment when she satisfied the criteria for brain death, although it was clear from 12 hours after admission that she had coned.Our management from this time was directed at fetal wellbeing by maintaining the stability of the mother physiological systems. This situation was discussed in detail with the woman's family. The alternatives presented were immediate delivery or maternal support in an attempt to gain time to allow the baby to mature. The family wished that maternal support on the behalf of the fetus should be undertaken.The woman was given betamethasone injection, 12 mg, intra-muscularly, which was repeated 12 hours later, to stimulate fetal lung maturity. The welfare of her infant was monitored by cardiotocography, umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry and amniotic fluid volume assessment by ultrasound.Her blood volume was maintained, and anaemia was treated by blood transfusion. She received low molecular weight heparin.Her cardiovascular system was unstable, with intermittent hypertension and bradycardia. Sudden decrease in her systolic blood pressure occurred on her right side; these episodes became less frequent when she was nursed in an auto-rotating bed.Pulmonary function was initially maintained with a fraction of inspired oxygen concentration (FiG 2 ) On the fifth day after her admission, she developed a fever and purulent sputum. She was given intravenous amoxicillin and physiotherapy, and within three days her chest infection had resolved. The fetal monitoring tests were satisfactory. Blood cultures were negative. Diuresis, caused by the effect of coning, was evident from her admission. Her urine output was reduced to 80-120 mL per hour using desmopressin. Supplements of potassium were frequently required, although her renal function remained normal. Lack of gastrointestinal motility prevented nasogastric absorption of food given by a nasogastric tube, and so she received total parenteral nutrition. This proved very effective in maintaining normal albumin and total protein levels.On the fifth day after her admission, her serum cortisol was reduced, requiring intramuscular hydrocortisone...
This paper discusses the quality of surface finish when threading titanium-based alloy under dry condition. The quality of surface finish was studied at various cutting parameters and at the two extreme stages of the machining process, i.e. at the beginning and end of the process. The objective is to evaluate the effect of a worn-out tool on the quality of surface finish. PVD-coated carbide tools were used in this study. Experiments were conducted at two cutting speeds, 35 and 55 m/min, two depths of cut, 0.2 and 0.25 mm, and a constant pitch of 2.0 mm. The tool wear and the quality of surface finish were inspected visually by microscope. The tool's flank wear was measured gradually and machining was stopped when the flank wear reached the rejection criterion of0.3 mm. The microstructure beneath the machined surface was also evaluated. It was found that, at the beginning of machining, there was only a feed mark on the surface finish. When the machining was prolonged until the tools reached the rejection criterion, a bad surface finish was produced. Metal debris, surface cavities and a boundary crack were observed. Results show that machining with a worn-out tool can cause microstructure alteration beneath the machined surface. The selection of cutting parameters and monitoring of tool wear are crucial in order to obtain a good surface finish. Characterization of the surface finish with respect to the threading process under a dry condition would ultimately help in the development of suitable parameters for machining titanium-based alloys.
Problem statement: Improper use of water by Jordanian families accombined with acute shortage in water resources. Approach: This study aimed to raise the degree of the environmental awareness regarding the significance of reducing kitchen water consumption of the Jordanian families living in Amman and to provide them with the necessary knowledge and practices about the right practices to reduce water consumption. Results: The results revealed that the average consumption of kitchen water before the environmental awareness about water consumption was 59.5 L day-1 and after raising the awareness was reduced to 49.8 L day-1, with an average of 9.7 L day-1 which is a very vital indicator. The difference in the consumption were found to be more for the families consisting of (10-14) members where the average differences was 12-14 L day-1, but after environmental awareness differences were all statistically significant with all the other groups of family members. The average difference of consumption by family of members aged from (6-9) was (10-39) L daily and it was statistically significant in the family group of (2-5). The family group of (2-5) showed an average difference of 7.25 L daily. However, the family of with members aged between (15-22) years was the best in making use of raising the degree of environmental awareness to preserve water and reduce its consumption. The study also showed that the differences of consumption were more for the family groups of the average of income (601-1000) JD/month. The study also revealed that there is a positive relationship (0.801) regarding the amount of the consumed water and the number of utensils used through the three meals of day after raising the degree of environmental awareness in this study which shows the necessity of education the consumers to reduce the number of utensils, to reduce the amount of lost water out of consumed water. Conclusion: It can be concluded that raising awareness by holding sessions for the families is about water consumption is a reliable method to rationalize their consumption
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