Analysis of Heavy Metal Content of Pb, Cd, Cu, As in Water, Sediments and Bivalves in Coastal Waters of Balikpapan Bay. The study aims to analyze the levels of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, As) in water, sediment and Bivalvia and to determine the adsorption, bioconcentration factors in sediments and Bivalvia. This research is in the form of field survey and laboratory analysis, where the results are quantitative descriptive and analyzed statistically multivariate.The results of laboratory analysis showed that the levels of heavy metals in water ranged between (Pb 0.064-0.142 mg/L), (Cd 0.088-0.112 mg/L), (Cu 0.035-0.056 mg/L) and (As 0.022-0.026 mg/L). Sediment (Pb 2,555-2,616 mg/Kg), (Cd 2,433-2,609 mg/Kg), (Cu 1,289-1,553 mg/Kg), (As 0,329-0,496 mg/Kg) and Bivalvia (Pb 1,708-2,076 mg/Kg) ), (Cd 1.569-2.416 mg/Kg), (Cu 1.078-1.264 mg/Kg) and (As 0.297-0.449 mg/Kg). Heavy metal content of Pb, Cd, Cu and As in the sediment is greater than water or Bivalvia. The results of the statistical analysis partially showed that the levels of heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cu and As differed significantly between all study samples (water, sediment and Bivalvia). Whereas the observation stations (Kariangau industrial area, the village on the water and the PT. Pertamina area) did not differ significantly. The results of the analysis of adsorption and bioconcentration factors on the levels of heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cu and As in sediments (Pb 17.99-42.25), (Cd 22.75-28.67), (Cu 26.49-36.83 ) and (As 13.71-19.08). In Bivalvia (Pb 14.15-32.44), (Cd 14.00-26.55), (Cu 21.14-34.43) and As (13.50-29.88).
Air Product, 2014, Cellulosic Biofuels (Pembakaran/Gasifikasi Lignin Hidrolisis). Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. http://www.airpro-ducts.co.id/industries/Energy/Bioenergy/Cellulosic-Biofuels/product-list/ com-bustiongasification-of-hydrolyis-lignin-cellulosic-biofuels.aspx?itemId =8F39-9214FA4A462FA14588FE4F 86D3C2, Diakses tanggal 27 Oktober 2014Alejandro R., L. Serranoa, A. Morala, A. Pereza dan L. Jimeneza, 2007, Bioresource Tehnology, 98 (3): 554-559.Andaka Ganjar, 2011, Hidrolisis Ampas Tebu Menjadi Furfural Dengan Katalisator Asam Sulfat, Jurnal Teknologi, Volume 4 Nomor 2, Desember 2011, 180-188Anindyawati, Trisanti, 2009, Prospek Enzim dan Limbah Lignoselulosa Untuk Produksi Bioetanol, Pusat Penelitian Bioteknologi-LIPI, CibinongAnnisa, Gina, 2012, Hidrodeoksigenasi Bio-Oil menggunakan katalis CoMo/C untuk Optimalisasi Produksi Alkana dan Alkohol, Skripsi Universitas Indonesia, Depok.Artati, K., Enny, E., Novia Margareta, H. 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Synthesis of Santa Barbara Amorphous-15 (SBA-15) from rice husk ash (Oryza Sativa L.) as toluene and xylene adsorbents has been performed. SBA-15 was synthesised by the modified surfactant template method. SBA-15 from rice husk ash has a surface area of 680 m2/g, a pore diameter of 1.49 nm and a pore volume of 12.5 cm3/g. SAXS pattern of the SBA-15 showed the presence of three distinctive peaks of SBA-15 at 0.99°, 1.54° and 1.74° 2 theta with miller indices [100], [110] and [200]. SEM pictures showed that SBA-15 from rice husk ash has an irregular shape and the particles are in aggregate form. The maximum adsorption capacities of SBA-15 from rice husk ash to toluene and xylene based on the Langmuir isotherm were 175.44 mg/g and 142.86 mg/g, respectively with RL (equilibrium parameter) value within the range 0-1.
Isolation and identification of steroids from the n-hexane fraction of Vernonia amygdalina Del. was carried out. Separation and purification were performed using flash chromatographic and gravity chromatography. Based on the results of phytochemical tests supported by UV and FT-IR data analysis, the isolate obtained was a steroid (sterol type). Toxicity test results using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) were known that the steroid has moderate toxicity with an LC50 value of 48.39 ppm. Keywords: Vernonia amygdalina Del., Toxicity, BSLT, Sterol, Steroid
The research about utilization ash of coconut husk as source of base catalyst in aplication for reaction of transesterification from Jatropha curcas oil has been researched. Content of base compound in coconut husk ash was analyzed by AAS and acidy alkalimetry. The base catalyst was extracted using methanol, for transesterification reaction of Jatropha curcas oil. This method of biodiesel production by transesterification process used coconut husk ash catalyst by weight variation as much as 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% (w/w). Analysis of the quality of biodiesel is done with quality parameters acid number, iodine number, density, viscosity and water content in accordance with SNI 04-7182-2006 standards. The result of the research showed that potassium concentration as carbonat salt in the ash of coconut husk was 17,4% (w/w) and the conversion of biodiesel obtained from each catalyst in a row is 43,62%; 78,45%; 76,22%; 75,69% and 63,27% (w/w). Biodiesel optimum results obtained with the addition of the catalyst are 4% with density values of 0.86 (g / mL), the viscosity value of 3.23 (cSt), the value of water content 0.0352%, 0.12 acid number (mg KOH / g) and iodine number of 8.23 (g I2 / 100 g).The research about utilization ash of coconut husk as source of base catalyst in aplication for reaction of transesterification from Jatropha curcas oil has been researched. Content of base compound in coconut husk ash was analyzed by AAS and acidy alkalimetry. The base catalyst was extracted using methanol, for transesterification reaction of Jatropha curcas oil. This method of biodiesel production by transesterification process used coconut husk ash catalyst by weight variation as much as 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% (w/w). Analysis of the quality of biodiesel is done with quality parameters acid number, iodine number, density, viscosity and water content in accordance with SNI 04-7182-2006 standards. The result of the research showed that potassium concentration as carbonat salt in the ash of coconut husk was 17,4% (w/w) and the conversion of biodiesel obtained from each catalyst in a row is 43,62%; 78,45%; 76,22%; 75,69% and 63,27% (w/w). Biodiesel optimum results obtained with the addition of the catalyst are 4% with density values of 0.86 (g / mL), the viscosity value of 3.23 (cSt), the value of water content 0.0352%, 0.12 acid number (mg KOH / g) and iodine number of 8.23 (g I2 / 100 g).ABSTRAKPenelitian tentang pemanfaatan abu sabut kelapa sebagai sumber katalis basa pada aplikasi reaksi transesterifikasi minyak biji jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas. L) telah dilakukan. Karakterisasi kadar basa dalam sabut kelapa dilakukan dengan AAS dan alkalinitas. Katalis basa diperoleh dengan pengadukan abu sabut kelapa dalam metanol dan selanjutnya digunakan untuk reaksi transesterifikasi minyak biji jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas. L). Metode pembuatan biodiesel ini dengan transesterifikasi menggunakan katalis abu sabut kelapa dengan variasi berat sebanyak 2%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 8% dan 10% (b/b). Analisis kualitas dari biodiesel dilakukan dengan parameter mutu bilangan asam, bilangan iod, densitas, viskositas dan kadar air sesuai dengan standar SNI 04-7182-2006. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar kalium dalam bentuk kalium karbonat dalam abu sabut kelapa sebesar 17,4% (b/b) dan konversi biodiesel yang diperoleh dari masing masing katalis berturut-turut adalah 43,62%; 78,45%; 76,22%; 75,69% dan 63,27% (b/b). Hasil optimum biodiesel diperoleh dengan penambahan katalis 4% dengan nilai densitas 0,86 (g/mL), nilai viskositas 3,23 (cSt), nilai kadar air 0,0352%, bilangan asam 0,12 (mg KOH/g) dan bilangan iod sebesar 8,23 (g I2/100 g). Kata kunci : Abu sabut kelapa, biodiesel, transesterifikasi, minyak biji jarak pagar(Jatropha curcas. L)
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