The Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic has been created due to the infection by novel coronavirus. Globally, countries have taken measures to reduce social contact to slow down the spread of the virus. Social (physical) distancing via lockdown and awareness on personal hygiene are mitigating measures to prevent transmission of disease. Indian government has implemented the first phase of national lockdown for 21 days (March 24 to April 14, 2020) to reduce the transmission of COVID-19. This study is performed in two stages. First, review of Indian scenario till the end of the first phase of national lockdown and second the impact assessment of the first phase of social lockdown on doubling rate of COVID-19 cases in different Indian states and overall India. The timeline of activities, health care facilities, schemes and services by government and private organizations in combating COVID-19 in India are presented. Analysis is performed using the 3-day moving average daily growth statistical technique. The states are categorized based on the improved doubling rate during third week (Category 1) and second week (Category 2). The overall Indian scenario is analysed to assess the consequences of social lockdown on the transmission rate of the virus. Kerala and Orissa handled the pandemic effectively by drawing lessons from earlier epidemics and disasters. Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Uttara Pradesh, West Bengal and Maharashtra has improved doubling rate during second week of lockdown. The average doubling rate of coronavirus cases in India improved after lockdown, account for 7.5 days compared to 3.4 days before lockdown. Lockdown played a key role in reduction of increasing rate of confirmed cases. The stringent lockdown combined with rapid testing led the nation in yielding positive outcomes. The discussions presented in this article will equip the council’s authorities and regulatory bodies globally in designing the mechanisms for handling present and future epidemics or pandemics.
Soil erosion is the most common type of land degradation, and it has become a global environmental issue that reduces soil productivity and water quality and is accelerated by human-induced activities. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model, which includes factors like rainfall, soil, land-cover, cultivation practices, and slope, was incorporated into the GIS database to estimate average annual soil erosion rates in the Nagavali River basin (NRB) during 1990 and 2020, and this study also focuses on analyzing the impact of the land-use and land-cover (LULC) change, as well as climate variability on the annual average soil erosion rates in the NRB. Results indicate that the average annual soil erosion rate in the NRB ranged from 0 to 2,364.46 t/ha/yr in the year 1990 was increased to 7,857.21 t/ha/yr by the year 2020 as a result of an increase in rainfall and LULC changes over the study period. Based on the spatial distribution of soil erosion risk classes, it was identified that the area under the very severe erosion class increased drastically from 4.34 to 13.97%, while the area under the very slight erosion class got decreased between the years 1990 and 2020. Accordingly, a correlation analysis was carried out to determine the spatial correlation between the soil erosion pattern and changes in driver variables such as rainfall and land-use classes. These findings can be used to make well-informed decisions at the local and regional levels for the sake of soil conservation.
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