Background: Antibiotic resistance of urinary tract pathogens has increased worldwide. Knowledge of the antibiotic resistance patterns of uropathogens in specific geographical locations is an important factor for choosing an appropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment. The aim of this study was to provide information regarding local resistance patterns of urinary pathogens to the commonly used antibiotics in Tehran, Iran. Methodology: Urine samples collected and submitted to two pathobiology laboratories in Tehran were identified by conventional methods over a period of three years (December 2006 to May 2009). Antimicrobial resistance testing was performed by the standard disk diffusion technique in accordance with the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results: Of the total 13,333 mid-stream urine samples collected from suspected cases of urinary tract infection, 840 (6.3%) were positive for pathogenic bacteria. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was the most common isolate (68.8%) followed by Proteus spp. (12.4%), and Klebsiella spp. (9.6%). E. coli isolates were mostly susceptible to nitrofurantoin (71.3%), followed by ciprofloxacin (68.1%); however, only 38.2% of E. coli isolates were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Conclusion: Nitrofurantoin may be considered as a first-line empiric antibacterial agent for urinary tract infections in outpatients in Tehran, Iran.

Bipolar disorder is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder, characterized by intermittent episodes of mania and depression. Recent studies have indicated argyrophilic grains, composed of hyperphosphorylated tau, are observable in postmortem brains of bipolar patients. It remains uncertain how tau hyperphosphorylation results in neurodegeneration upon the disease. Recent studies have demonstrated that phosphorylated tau at Thr231 exists in two distinct cis and trans conformations, in which cis pT231-tau is highly neurotoxic and acts as an early driver of tauopathy in several neurodegenerative diseases. We herein employed an in vitro model, which resembles some aspects of bipolar disorder, to study the cis p-tau mediatory role. We established GSK3β overexpressing SH-SY5Y cells and examined cell viability, cis p-tau formation, and lithium effects by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. We found an increase in cis p-tau levels as well as viability decrease in the cell model. Furthermore, we discovered that lithium treatment inhibits cis p-tau formation, resulting in diminished cell death. We also examined BD and healthy human brain samples and detected cis p-tau in the patients’ brains. Our results show that tauopathy, observed in bipolar disorder, is being mediated through cis p-tau and that a conformer could be the cause of neurodegeneration upon the disease. Our findings would suggest novel therapeutic target to fight the devastating disorder.

Fibrinogen is one of the key proteins that participate in the protein corona composition of many types of nanoparticles (NPs), and its conformational changes are crucial for activation of immune systems. Recently, we demonstrated that the fibrinogen highly contributed in the protein corona composition at the surface of zeolite nanoparticles. Therefore, understanding the interaction of fibrinogen with zeolite nanoparticles in more details could shed light of their safe applications in medicine. Thus, we probed the molecular interactions between fibrinogen and zeolite nanoparticles using both experimental and simulation approaches. The results indicated that fibrinogen has a strong and thermodynamically favorable interaction with zeolite nanoparticles in a non-cooperative manner. Additionally, fibrinogen experienced a substantial conformational change in the presence of zeolite nanoparticles through a concentration-dependent manner. Simulation results showed that both E- and D-domain of fibrinogen are bound to the EMT zeolite NPs via strong electrostatic interactions, and undergo structural changes leading to exposing normally buried sequences. D-domain has more contribution in this interaction and the C-terminus of γ chain (γ377–394), located in D-domain, showed the highest level of exposure compared to other sequences/residues.