The present study highlights on the effect of over nitrogen content on beet sugar quality, sugar content, alkalinity, impurity value, raffinose formation, chemical impurities especially (Na) ions and the loss of sugar in molasses. The results showed that nitrogen content must be done in the way that causes a high productivity of roots with a high content of sucrose and pureness percentages with low levels of vegetarian growth levels. Also, the acceptable values of α-amino N, K and Na in roots for processing must be about 150, 140 and 700 -1000 mg 100g -1 sugar, respectively. One of the greatest effects is the increment the loss of sugars to molasses rate as a result of the increment of sucrose solubility hence decrement in crystallization. Therefore, this study recommends not to overuse nitrogen fertilization because the increase of the nitrogen inside the roots inhibits the processes of crystallization process hence, decreasing the quality of sugar extraction process.
This investigation was done to assess the quality attributes of reduced fat meatballs as influenced via sugar beet pulp powder addition. The prepared samples of meatball which contained sugar beet pulp powder as a fat replacer with the ratio of 25 and 50 % of animal fat utilized after cooking. Chemical composition, oil holding capacity, and water holding capacity (WHC) of raw materials was studied. The cooking attributes, WHC and sensory characteristics of the made meatball samples were estimated. The cooking yield of meatball samples was increased from 81.07 to 86.01%. While cooking loss of the meatball samples was decreased. No significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) in sensory properties between control meatball sample and the prepared meatball samples. sugar beet pulp powder could be utilized as fat replacer within the different studied percentages in meatball samples preparation without any negative effects on the sensory attributes of the final product.
Methodology: Two field experiments were conducted on the Experimental Farm at El-Gemmeiza Research Station, Gharbia Governorate, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt, during two successive winter seasons of 2018-19 and 2019-20. Aims: To investigate the effect of three nitrogen fertilizer rates, i.e. 30, 50 and 70 kg N feddan-1 [one feddan (fed) = 4200 m2] and three plant densities, i.e. 1500, 2000 and 2500 seeds m-2 on flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) yield and its quality of three cultivars of flax, i.e. Sakha 3, Giza 11 and Giza 12. Results: Results in combined analysis of the two seasons showed that Sakha 3 cultivar significantly produced the maximum total plant height, technical stem length, upper branching zone length, No. of seeds capsule-1, total fiber percentage, fiber yield plant-1, fiber yield fed-1, fiber length and fiber fineness. Meanwhile, the highest No. of basal branches plant-1, straw yield plant-1, straw yield fed-1 and seed oil content were recorded with Giza 12 cultivar. While, Giza 11 cultivar gave the maximum stem diameter, No. of upper branches plant-1, No. of capsules plant-1, No. of seeds plant-1, seed index, seed yield plant-1, seed yield fed-1, harvest index, oil yield plant-1 and oil yield fed-1. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer rates from 30 up to 70 kg N fed-1 caused significant increases in almost straw, fiber, seed and oil yields and its related traits of flax, on the other hand, fiber fineness which significantly decreased with increasing nitrogen rates. Flax plants growing at 1500 seeds m-2 markedly gave the greatest No. of basal branches plant-1, stem diameter, straw yield plant-1, upper branching zone length, No. of upper branches plant-1, No. of capsules plant-1, No. of seeds plant-1, seed yield plant-1, harvest index, oil yield plant-1 and fiber yield plant-1. Meanwhile, the maximum total plant height, technical stem length, straw yield fed-1, seed yield fed-1, oil yield fed-1, total fiber percentage, fiber yield fed-1, fiber length and fiber fineness were obtained from flax planting at 2500 seeds m-2. The maximum fiber yield were recorded from the interactions among treatments Sakha 3 X 70 kg N fed-1, Sakha 3 X 2500 seeds m-2, 70 kg N fed-1 X 2500 seeds m-2 and Sakha 3 X 70 kg N fed-1 X 2500 seeds m-2. Meanwhile, the maximum seed and oil yields fed-1 were recorded from the interactions between treatments Giza 11 X 70 kg N fed-1, Giza 11 X 2500 seeds m-2, 70 kg N fed-1 X 2500 seeds m-2 and Giza 11 X 70 kg N fed-1 X 2500 seeds m-2. Generally, it could be concluded that Sakha 3 cultivar under soil fertilized by 70 kg N fed-1 with plant density of 2500 seeds m-2 to maximizing fiber yield fed-1, while Giza 11 cultivar with the same rates of nitrogen and plant density to maximizing seed and oil yields fed-1.
Sixteen flax genotypes {13 promising lines and 3 check varieties viz., Giza 8 (oil type), Sakha 1 (dual purpose type) and Sakha 3 (fiber type)} were evaluated for straw, seed, oil yields and their related traits under twelve different environments; four locations (Sakha, Etay El-Baroud, Ismailia and Giza Exp. Stations through three successive seasons (2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14). These materials were evaluated in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the twelve above-mentioned environments. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among genotypes (G), environments (E) and G x E interaction for all studied traits except straw weight per plant, indicating a wide range of variation among genotypes, environments and these genotypes exhibited differential response to environmental conditions. The significant variance due to residual for all characters except both straw weight per plant and oil yield per fad indicated that genotypes differed with respect to their stability suggesting that prediction would be difficult, which means that mean performance alone would not be appropriate. Interaction component of variance (σ 2 ge) was less than the genotypic variance (σ 2 g) for all characters, indicating that genotypes differ in their genetic potential for these traits. This was reflected in high heritability and low discrepancy between phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficients of variability values for these traits indicating the possibility of using each of long fiber percentage, plant height and technical stem length as selection indices for improving straw weight per plant, as well as, using 1000-seed weight and capsules number per plant as selection indices for improving seed weight per plant. Yield stability (YSi) statistic indicated that S.541-C/3 and S.541-D/10 gave high mean performance and stability for straw, fiber, seed and oil yields per fad in addition to oil percentage, capsules number per plant and 1000-seed weight. Therefore, the two genotypes well be released under the name Giza 11 and Giza 12, respectively. These newly released varieties are of dual purpose type for straw, fiber, seed and oil yield. They may replace the low yielding cultivars Giza 8, Sakha 1 and Sakha 3.
The aim of this paper was to study the possibility of using stevia leaves powder as sugar replacer with substitution ratio of 10, 20 and30% of sucrose in producing low calorie cake. There was an assessment of the physicochemical and sensory properties. The substituted sucrose was compensated by indigestive polydextrose. The results affirmed that there was an increment in the amount of protein, ash and crude fiber and decrement in carbohydrate and energy. The height and specific volume of cake decreased with the addition of stevia leaf powder. The sensory quality of the 10% stevia leaves powder cake tested by appearance, taste, color, odor and texture was better than that of the control, and overall acceptability of the cake with the addition of 10% stevia leaf powder was the best.
There is strong evidence on the anticancer properties of secolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), the predominant flaxseed lignan, especially for mammary and prostatic carcinomas. Although the effect of cultivar and location on flaxseed SDG level has been reported, much less is traced regarding the influence of agronomical treatments. The purpose of this study is to determine if agricultural management practices could enhance SDG accumulation in flaxseed. We studied the effect of irrigation frequencies (I), added nutrients (N, zinc and humic acid) and fertilization treatments (F) and their interactions on SDG level and seed yield of the Egyptian flax cultivar Giza 9. Samples were extracted and analyzed for SDG, after alkaline hydrolysis, using HPLC-UV method. The concentration of SDG and its yield varied between 415.55-845.95 mg/100 g whole seeds and 1.77-4.05 Kg/feddan on a dry weight basis, respectively according to different agricultural treatments. I, N and F factors and their interactions had a significant effect on SDG. I × N × F interaction contributed to the majority of SDG variation (31.81 %), followed by I factor (27.96 %), whereas seed yield was more affected by F factor (72.7 %). The I × F interaction was the only significant interaction on the seed yield contributing only for 0.43% of the variance. Moderate irrigation frequency with the humic acid foliar application and mineral nitrogen fertilizer was the best combination for achieving the highest SDG levels. Using optimum agronomic practice would benefit the nutraceutical industry by optimizing flaxseed lignan content and hence enhancing its anticancer, health-promoting effect.
Two field experiments were carried out in Sids, Agricultural Research Station, Beni-Suef Governorate, Middle Egypt, throughout 1997/98 and 1998/99seasons. Area of half a feddan for each was cultivated with Giza 674 variety in every season. The first experiment; comprised four different planting dates at 15-days intervals; during October 7, October 21, November 7 and November 21, were applied. The second experiment; a systemic insecticide Gaucho (Imidacloprid) at four rates, 0.5, 1, 3 and 5 g / Kg seed weight, used to coat faba bean seeds before cultivation in each season. Weekly mean numbers of aphids per plant shoot and at final harvest the crop yields and its components were recorded.The obtained results and conclusion can be summarized as follows: (1). In both 1997/98 and 1998/99 seasons, the sowing date applied to faba bean had a significant effect on the population abundance of cowpea aphid. (2). The second (October 21) and third sowing dates (November 7), seems to be more efficient time to avoidance high population of aphids and showing highest yields of faba beans. (3). Delaying-sowing date of faba bean during November 21 greatly reduced the seed yield of faba bean by 75.58 %, 73.93 %; and as well as, when moving the sowing date earlier to October 7; the seed yield reduced by 24.04 % and 76.23 %, in both 1997/98 and 1998/99 seasons, respectively. (4). Pre-sowing seed treated with Gaucho (Imidacloprid, 70 % WSP), at a rate 3 g / Kg seed weight was superior performance against cowpea aphid throughout 12-weeks after sowing, it gave over 80 % reduction in aphid populations and significantly improved plant stand which resultant a significantly increase in seed yield by 181.85 % over control.
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